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انگلیسی

barbarous

gb/bˈɑɹbɚəs/ us/bˈɑɹbɚəs/
C1 انگلیسی
~ 25900
معنی‌ها
۰ معنی
adjective formal C1 property
1

extremely cruel and brutal

Very, very cruel and violent, in a way that seems not human.

الگوی کاربرد: barbarous [act/crime/treatment/regime] toward [someone]
اشتباه رایج:
Learners often confuse "barbarous" with the more common word "barbaric". In modern English, "barbaric" is used more frequently in this sense, and "barbarous" sounds more formal or literary. Both usually collocate with words like "act", "crime", and "treatment".
هم‌معنی‌ها
brutal (More common in everyday English; slightly broader and less formal than "barbarous".) | savage (Adds a sense of wild, uncontrolled cruelty; can sound more emotional or dramatic.) | inhuman (Focuses on the cruelty being worse than what a human should be capable of, not just violent.)
متضادها
humane (Emphasizes kindness and care in the treatment of people or animals, the opposite of cruel and violent.) | civilized (Suggests behavior controlled by moral and social standards, not shockingly cruel or violent.)
ترکیب‌های رایج
barbarous act |barbarous crime |barbarous treatment |barbarous regime |barbarous practice |barbarous attack
موضوع‌ها
violence |law |politics |morality |emotions
نمونه‌ها
  • The dictator was condemned for his barbarous treatment of political prisoners.
  • Animal rights groups protested the barbarous slaughter of the captured whales.
  • History books describe the battle as a barbarous massacre of unarmed villagers.
  • Such barbarous acts against civilians may constitute war crimes under international law.
  • The film shows the barbarous conditions inside the secret prison camp.
نمونه‌های زبان‌آموزی
  • The soldiers carried out a barbarous attack on the village.
  • The judge called the crime a barbarous act.
  • Many people were shocked by the barbarous treatment of the prisoners.
  • The report shows the barbarous way the animals were killed.
  • They want new laws to stop such barbarous practices.
adjective literary C2 property
2

uncivilized or culturally primitive

Seen as not civilized or not developed in culture or manners; this use can be offensive when talking about people.

الگوی کاربرد: barbarous [customs/tribes/age/manners]
اشتباه رایج:
Learners may not realize that calling a people or culture "barbarous" is usually insulting and old-fashioned. In modern English, this sense appears mostly in historical writing or when criticizing older attitudes.
هم‌معنی‌ها
uncivilized (Close in meaning; more common but can also be offensive when used for people or cultures.) | primitive (Focuses more on a low level of technological or social development; also potentially offensive about people.) | rough (Less strong and less judgmental; suggests lacking refinement rather than being wholly uncivilized.)
متضادها
civilized (Suggests having developed social rules, culture, and order, the opposite of being seen as culturally primitive.) | cultivated (Adds an idea of refined tastes and good manners, opposite of rough or uncultured.)
ترکیب‌های رایج
barbarous age |barbarous customs |barbarous tribes |barbarous manners |barbarous times
موضوع‌ها
culture |history |society |core_vocabulary |relationships
نمونه‌ها
  • The novel is set in what the narrator calls a barbarous age before the rule of law was established.
  • Travel writers of the time often described local customs as barbarous, reflecting their own cultural bias.
  • From our modern perspective, many medieval punishments seem barbarous and superstitious.
  • He spoke with disdain of what he saw as the barbarous manners of the invading army.
  • Old textbooks sometimes portrayed non-European societies as barbarous, a view now strongly rejected.
نمونه‌های زبان‌آموزی
  • People in the past sometimes called other cultures barbarous.
  • Many laws from the Middle Ages now seem barbarous.
  • Some writers used to see foreign customs as barbarous.
  • The book talks about a barbarous time before modern life.
  • This word can sound rude when you call a group barbarous.
adjective literary C2 property
3

harsh, rough, or unpleasant-sounding

Very rough and hard to listen to, especially about sounds, voices, or music.

الگوی کاربرد: a barbarous [noise/accent/music/voice]
اشتباه رایج:
Learners sometimes assume "barbarous" always refers to people or behavior. In this sense, it describes the quality of a sound (noise, accent, music), not moral cruelty.
هم‌معنی‌ها
harsh (Common, neutral word for unpleasant sound; "barbarous" is stronger and more literary.) | grating (Focuses even more on the irritating, scratchy quality of a sound.)
متضادها
melodious (Describes sounds that are musical and pleasant to hear, the opposite of harsh and rough.) | soft (Highlights gentleness or smoothness of sound, contrasting with roughness.)
ترکیب‌های رایج
barbarous noise |barbarous accent |barbarous music |barbarous sound |barbarous shout
موضوع‌ها
sound |language |art |communication |arts_entertainment
نمونه‌ها
  • The barbarous noise from the construction site made it impossible to concentrate.
  • She winced at the barbarous accent with which he mangled her native language.
  • A barbarous clash of drums and horns filled the narrow street.
  • To his refined ear, the out-of-tune piano produced a truly barbarous sound.
  • The critic dismissed the piece as little more than a barbarous roar of instruments.
نمونه‌های زبان‌آموزی
  • A barbarous noise came from the factory all night.
  • The old car made a barbarous sound when it started.
  • He spoke in a barbarous accent that was hard to understand.
  • The music was loud and barbarous to my ears.
  • We closed the window to stop the barbarous noise.
adjective formal C2 property
4

crude or incorrect in language

Very bad or wrong in grammar or style, not following normal or educated language rules.

الگوی کاربرد: barbarous [English/construction/phrase/style]
اشتباه رایج:
Learners may think this sense always relates to moral judgment, but here "barbarous" is about the quality of language or style. It is quite formal, and in everyday English people more often say "bad English" or "ungrammatical".
هم‌معنی‌ها
ungrammatical (Focuses exactly on breaking grammar rules; less emotional and more technical than "barbarous".) | clumsy (Suggests awkward or poorly expressed language, but not always as strongly negative.) | vulgar (Can imply language that is low, crude, or lacking in refinement; sometimes about bad taste rather than pure correctness.)
متضادها
elegant (Suggests language that is not only correct but also refined and pleasing in style.)
ترکیب‌های رایج
barbarous English |barbarous construction |barbarous phrase |barbarous style |barbarous grammar
موضوع‌ها
language |education |communication
نمونه‌ها
  • The professor described the sentence as a barbarous construction that no native speaker would use.
  • He apologized for his barbarous English in the early drafts of the report.
  • To modern readers, some of the translator's choices now seem barbarous and heavy-handed.
  • Critics attacked the new slogan as both barbarous in style and empty in meaning.
  • The editor patiently corrected the barbarous grammar throughout the manuscript.
نمونه‌های زبان‌آموزی
  • She said my first sentence was barbarous English.
  • The teacher crossed out a barbarous phrase in my essay.
  • Some people think text messages are full of barbarous grammar.
  • He spoke good words but in a barbarous style.
  • The editor fixed many barbarous constructions in the book.
دستور زبان
صورت پایه
barbarous
IPA
GB/bˈɑɹbɚəs/
US/bˈɑɹbɚəs/
هجاها و تکیه
bar - ous (۲ هجا)
Stress on 1st syllable (bar)
صورت‌های واژه
Adjective
  • Base: barbarous
خانوادهٔ واژه
Core family
barbaric adjective barbarian noun B2
Related words
barbarity noun barbarously adverb
Negative and opposite forms
civilized adjective
Advanced or less common
barbarism noun
عبارت‌ها

barbarous act

1
/bˈɑɹbɚəs ˈækt/
fixed phrase formal

an extremely cruel action

A very, very cruel thing that someone does.

نمونه‌ها
  • The bombing of the school was condemned worldwide as a barbarous act.
  • Leaders from many countries called the attack a barbarous act against innocent civilians.

barbarous crime

1
/bˈɑɹbɚəs kɹˈaɪm/
fixed phrase formal

an extremely cruel crime

A crime that is very cruel and violent in a shocking way.

نمونه‌ها
  • The judge described the murder as a barbarous crime that deserved the maximum sentence.
  • Newspapers reported every detail of the barbarous crime, horrifying their readers.

barbarous regime

1
/bˈɑɹbɚəs ɹɪʒˈim/
fixed phrase formal

extremely cruel government

A government that rules in a very cruel and violent way.

نمونه‌ها
  • The international community imposed sanctions on the barbarous regime.
  • Thousands fled the country to escape the barbarous regime in power.

barbarous treatment

1
/bˈɑɹbɚəs tɹˈitmənt/
fixed phrase formal

extremely cruel treatment

A way of treating a person or animal that is very cruel and not human.

نمونه‌ها
  • Human rights groups criticized the barbarous treatment of detainees in the prison.
  • The documentary exposed the barbarous treatment of animals on some farms.
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