downward
gb/dˈaʊnwɚd/ us/dˈaʊnwɚd/
B1
انگلیسی
~ 5600
معنیها
۰ معنی
adjective
B2
property
1
decreasing in level or amount
Going to a lower level, value, or amount over time.
الگوی کاربرد:
a downward [trend/pressure/movement]
اشتباه رایج:
Learners sometimes use *down* instead of *downward* before a noun, e.g. saying *a down trend* instead of *a downward trend*. Use *downward* as an adjective before a noun to describe a general movement or change, especially in statistics or business.
هممعنیها
declining (Common in business and statistics; focuses on steady decrease.)
|
falling (More general and informal; can describe sudden or gradual decrease.)
متضادها
upward (Describes movement or change to a higher level, value, or amount.)
|
rising (Emphasizes going up in level, value, or amount.)
ترکیبهای رایج
downward trend
|downward pressure
|downward movement
|downward revision
|downward adjustment
|downward shift
موضوعها
business
|economics
|science
|time
|core_vocabulary
نمونهها
- The company has seen a downward trend in sales over the past year.
- There is strong downward pressure on housing prices in the region.
- Economists expect a slight downward adjustment to next quarter’s growth forecast.
- The graph shows a steady downward movement in unemployment rates.
- After a downward revision of earnings, the stock price fell again.
نمونههای زبانآموزی
- The chart shows a clear downward trend in prices.
- There is downward pressure on wages in many jobs.
- We can see a slow downward movement in the numbers.
- The bank made a downward revision of its forecast.
- Sales are on a downward path this year.
adjective
B1
property
2
sloping or moving to a lower place
Going or pointing from high to low in space.
الگوی کاربرد:
a downward [slope/path/look]
اشتباه رایج:
Learners may say *down slope* instead of *downward slope* when they want to describe the general direction or shape of the land. *Down* is more often used as an adverb (*walk down the hill*), while *downward* is a more standard adjective before a noun (*a downward slope*).
هممعنیها
descending (More formal and often used for movement down stairs, slopes, or through the air.)
|
sloping down (Describes the shape of a surface more than active movement.)
متضادها
upward (Describes sloping or moving from lower to higher physical position.)
|
uphill (Refers specifically to movement or slope toward higher ground.)
ترکیبهای رایج
downward slope
|downward angle
|downward path
|downward force
|downward gaze
|downward motion
موضوعها
nature
|travel
|daily life
|space
|core_vocabulary
نمونهها
- We followed a gentle downward slope to the lake.
- The road takes a sharp downward turn after the bridge.
- She avoided eye contact and kept a downward gaze.
- The ball started a fast downward motion from the top of the hill.
- Engineers must account for the downward force of gravity on the structure.
نمونههای زبانآموزی
- The path has a slow downward slope.
- He walked along a downward road to the village.
- She looked at the floor with a downward gaze.
- The car rolled in a downward direction.
- There is a strong downward pull from gravity.
adverb
B1
relation
3
toward a lower place
To or toward a lower place or level.
الگوی کاربرد:
move [something] downward
اشتباه رایج:
Learners often use *downwards* or *down* where *downward* is also possible. All three are usually correct, but *down* is more common in speech, and *downward* or *downwards* sound slightly more formal or written. Do not say *to downward* as a preposition; use *downward* as an adverb after a verb: *move downward*, not *go to downward*.
هممعنیها
down (More common and informal in everyday speech; slightly less formal than *downward*.)
|
downhill (Emphasizes moving down a slope rather than just to a lower point.)
متضادها
upward (Means toward a higher place or level.)
|
up (Everyday adverb meaning toward a higher position.)
ترکیبهای رایج
fall downward
|push downward
|pull downward
|move downward
|look downward
موضوعها
daily life
|movement
|sports
|space
|core_vocabulary
نمونهها
- The rock slipped and rolled downward into the valley.
- She pointed downward to show the crack in the floor.
- Smoke rose upward while ash drifted downward.
- He slowly lowered his hand downward from the shelf.
- The elevator moved rapidly downward to the ground floor.
نمونههای زبانآموزی
- The ball moves downward after you throw it.
- Please slide the window downward to close it.
- She looked downward at her phone.
- Leaves fell downward from the tree.
- He pushed the handle downward to open the door.
adverb
C1
relation
4
from a point and all lower levels
From a given age, level, or rank down to all lower ones.
الگوی کاربرد:
from [age/level/rank] downward
اشتباه رایج:
Learners sometimes say *from 10 and downward* or *from 10 to downward*. The natural pattern is *from 10 downward* or, more commonly in everyday speech, *10 and under*. Also, *downward* must follow the phrase; do not put it before the number (*downward from 10* sounds different and is less common).
هممعنیها
and under (Common in age ranges in everyday English; usually used with numbers, not ranks.)
متضادها
upward (In this pattern, *from X upward* means from that point to all higher levels.)
|
and over (Used for age or numbers to include all higher values instead of lower ones.)
ترکیبهای رایج
from teenagers downward
|from the CEO downward
|from age 10 downward
|from the top downward
موضوعها
education
|society
|core_vocabulary
نمونهها
- The new rule applies to all employees from managers downward.
- The discount is available for children from age twelve downward.
- Corruption was found throughout the organization, from the board downward.
- The competition is open to students from the final year downward.
- The disease affected the whole population, from the elderly downward.
نمونههای زبانآموزی
- The team is strong from the captain downward.
- This class is for children from age ten downward.
- The policy covers workers from supervisors downward.
- The show is fun for adults and from teenagers downward.
- The change will affect everyone from the boss downward.
دستور زبان
صورت پایه
downward
IPA
GB/dˈaʊnwɚd/
US/dˈaʊnwɚd/
هجاها و تکیه
down - ward (۲ هجا)
Stress on 1st syllable (down)
صورتهای واژه
Adjective
- Base: downward
خانوادهٔ واژه
عبارتها
downward adjustment
1/dˈaʊnwɚd əd͡ʒˈʌstmənt/
fixed phrase
change that lowers a value
A change that makes a price, value, or amount lower than it was before.
نمونهها
- There will be a downward adjustment in rental prices across the city.
- Investors reacted calmly to the downward adjustment in earnings estimates.
downward dog
1/dˈaʊnwɚd dˈɔɡ/
fixed phrase
informal
informal name for yoga pose
A short, informal name for the yoga pose *downward-facing dog*.
نمونهها
- My wrists hurt when we stay too long in downward dog.
- She can move from plank straight into downward dog smoothly.
downward pressure
1/dˈaʊnwɚd pɹˈɛʃɚ/
fixed phrase
forces pushing prices or values down
Conditions that make prices, wages, or other numbers more likely to go down.
نمونهها
- Automation is putting downward pressure on wages in many industries.
- Rising interest rates will put downward pressure on house prices.
downward revision
1/dˈaʊnwɚd ɹivˈɪʒən/
fixed phrase
official change to a lower figure
An official change that makes a number, such as growth or profit, lower than before.
نمونهها
- The government announced a downward revision of last year’s GDP figures.
- Forecasts for next quarter have undergone a slight downward revision.
downward trend
1/dˈaʊnwɚd tɹˈɛnd/
fixed phrase
a pattern of steady decrease
A general direction where numbers, prices, or amounts are going lower over time.
نمونهها
- Analysts are concerned about the long-term downward trend in consumer spending.
- The chart shows a clear downward trend in crime rates over the last decade.
downward-facing dog
1/dˈaʊnwɚd fˈeɪsɪŋ dˈɔɡ/
fixed phrase
a common yoga pose
A yoga position where you put your hands and feet on the floor and lift your hips to make an upside-down V shape.
نمونهها
- We held downward-facing dog for five deep breaths.
- The instructor showed beginners how to move safely into downward-facing dog.
on a downward spiral
1/ˈɔn ə dˈaʊnwɚd spˈaɪɹəl/
idiom
in a state of constant worsening
In a situation that keeps getting worse step by step.
نمونهها
- Her mental health was on a downward spiral until she got professional help.
- Many fear the local economy is on a downward spiral after the factory closures.
downward mobility
1/dˈaʊnwɚd moʊbˈɪlɪti/
fixed phrase
movement to lower class
Moving to a lower social position or earning less money than before.
نمونهها
- The economic crisis led to widespread downward mobility among middle-class families.
- Fear of downward mobility keeps many people working long hours.
- Job loss often results in sudden downward mobility.
downward mobility
2/dˈaʊnwɚd moʊbˈɪlɪti/
fixed phrase
moving to a lower social position
A change where a person or group moves to a lower social or economic level than before.
نمونهها
- Young adults fear downward mobility despite having university degrees.
- The recession led to widespread downward mobility in the middle class.
downward spiral
1/dˈaʊnwɚd spˈaɪɹəl/
idiom
process of steady decline
A long process where a situation becomes worse and worse step by step.
نمونهها
- After his injury, he entered a downward spiral of painkillers and missed practices.
- The town has been in a downward spiral since the factory closed.
- They are trying to break the downward spiral of poverty in the area.
downward spiral
2/dˈaʊnwɚd spˈaɪɹəl/
idiom
a process of getting worse and worse
A situation that keeps becoming worse, where each problem causes more and more problems.
نمونهها
- After he lost his job, his debts and stress created a downward spiral.
- The company entered a downward spiral of falling sales and staff cuts.