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گرامر
Nouns and determiners B1 B2

Determiners for sets and choices

Choose each, every, all, both, either, neither, no, none, another, and other to define sets and choices.

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راهنمای تصویری

The set lens: choose the view

Picture the things first.

[ SET ]
  │
  ├─ whole view
  │    all = 100%      both = 100% of 2
  │
  ├─ one-by-one view
  │    every = full scan
  │    each = individual focus
  │
  ├─ 2-choice switch
  │    either = one OK
  │    neither = zero OK
  │    Either door is fine.
  │    Neither door is open.
  │
  ├─ empty view
  │    no + noun
  │    none of + known set
  │    No seats are free.
  │    None of the seats are free.
  │
  └─ next / rest view
       another = one more
       other = different/rest
       the other = remaining one

Start with the set, then choose the view: whole, one-by-one, two-choice, empty, or next/rest.

Introduction

Choose the size and the choice

Determiners for sets and choices tell the listener how many members of a group you mean and what kind of choice you are making. They can include a whole group, separate its members, choose one of two, reject two, or point to more/different items. “Both doors are locked” treats two doors as a complete pair. “Either door is fine” accepts one choice from two. “Neither door is open” rejects both choices. The same logic also explains no and none, and the difference between another, other, and the other.
Core گرامر B1 واژگان A2 Neutral

Both doors are locked.

Both means the two items together.

بخش‌های سازنده

جمله را در قالب بخش‌های معنادار بخوانید، نه واژه‌به‌واژه.

Both doors
set_determiner
Marks the complete set of two doors.
به‌صورت یک واحد یاد بگیرید
are locked
predicate
Uses a plural verb because both refers to two items.
Core گرامر B1 واژگان A2 Neutral

Either door is fine.

Either points to one of two possible choices.

بخش‌های سازنده

جمله را در قالب بخش‌های معنادار بخوانید، نه واژه‌به‌واژه.

Either door
choice_determiner
Means one door or the other door; both choices are acceptable.
به‌صورت یک واحد یاد بگیرید
is fine
evaluation
Uses a singular verb because either looks at one choice.
Negative گرامر B1 واژگان A2 Neutral

Neither door is open.

Neither excludes both choices and does not need another negative word.

بخش‌های سازنده

جمله را در قالب بخش‌های معنادار بخوانید، نه واژه‌به‌واژه.

Neither door
negative_choice_determiner
Means not one door and not the other door.
به‌صورت یک واحد یاد بگیرید
is open
state
Uses a singular verb because neither looks at one choice at a time.
Core logic

The three-step set logic

Build the meaning in three steps. First, define the set: two items, many items, or an amount. Second, choose the view: the whole set, one member at a time, one possible choice, or zero members. Third, choose the form. Determiners stand before a noun; pronouns replace the noun. Use no before a noun: “No seats are free.” Use none alone or with of: “None of the seats are free.” In of-phrases, the group must already be known, so each of, either of, neither of, both of, all of, and none of normally point to specific people or things.
Negative گرامر B1 واژگان A2 Neutral

No seats are free.

Use no before a noun to make a zero set.

بخش‌های سازنده

جمله را در قالب بخش‌های معنادار بخوانید، نه واژه‌به‌واژه.

No seats
zero_set_determiner
No stands directly before the noun to mean zero seats.
به‌صورت یک واحد یاد بگیرید
are free
state
The plural verb agrees with the plural noun seats.
Negative گرامر B1 واژگان A2 Neutral

None of the seats are free.

Use none when the noun is not directly after the determiner.

بخش‌های سازنده

جمله را در قالب بخش‌های معنادار بخوانید، نه واژه‌به‌واژه.

None of the seats
zero_set_pronoun_phrase
None replaces no seats and connects to a specific known group with of.
به‌صورت یک واحد یاد بگیرید
are free
state
A plural verb is common when the meaning is several countable seats.
Cognitive metaphor

Wide angle, scanner, zoom

Think of a camera lens. All is the wide-angle lens: “All the guests arrived early.” Every is a scanner that checks the complete list: “Every guest signed in.” Each is a zoom lens that pauses on one member: “Each guest received a name badge.” The result may be the same, but the focus changes. This metaphor also explains form: every and each normally look at one member, so they take a singular noun and a singular verb. All looks at the group or amount, so it usually combines with plural or uncountable nouns.
Core گرامر B1 واژگان A2 Neutral

All the guests arrived early.

All gives a wide-angle view of the complete group.

بخش‌های سازنده

جمله را در قالب بخش‌های معنادار بخوانید، نه واژه‌به‌واژه.

All the guests
whole_group_determiner
Shows the complete group as one whole set.
به‌صورت یک واحد یاد بگیرید
arrived early
event
States what happened to the whole group.
Core گرامر B1 واژگان A2 Neutral

Every guest signed in.

Every stresses that the list is complete and nobody is excluded.

بخش‌های سازنده

جمله را در قالب بخش‌های معنادار بخوانید، نه واژه‌به‌واژه.

Every guest
complete_individual_scan
Checks the complete group one member at a time.
به‌صورت یک واحد یاد بگیرید
signed in
event
Uses a singular noun and singular meaning after every.
Core گرامر B1 واژگان A2 Neutral

Each guest received a name badge.

Each highlights individual members inside a complete set.

بخش‌های سازنده

جمله را در قالب بخش‌های معنادار بخوانید، نه واژه‌به‌واژه.

Each guest
individual_member_determiner
Focuses on guests separately, one by one.
به‌صورت یک واحد یاد بگیرید
received a name badge
result
Shows the result for every separate member.
Core pattern

Full-set patterns

Use each + singular count noun when the individual item matters. Use every + singular count noun for a complete group or a repeated point in a schedule: “We meet every Friday.” Use all + plural or uncountable noun for the whole group or amount: “All the information is online.” Use both + plural noun for exactly two. With object pronouns, use of: both of us, all of them, each of them. Before a specific noun phrase, all and both can use of or omit it: all (of) the files, both (of) my sisters. Each, either, neither, and none need of before a specific plural group.
Core گرامر B1 واژگان A1 Neutral

We meet every Friday.

Every is common with days and other repeated times.

بخش‌های سازنده

جمله را در قالب بخش‌های معنادار بخوانید، نه واژه‌به‌واژه.

every Friday
repeated_time_chunk
Every can mark repeated points in a schedule.
به‌صورت یک واحد یاد بگیرید
We meet
event
Names the repeated action.
Core گرامر B1 واژگان A2 Neutral

All the information is online.

All can combine with uncountable nouns.

بخش‌های سازنده

جمله را در قالب بخش‌های معنادار بخوانید، نه واژه‌به‌واژه.

All the information
whole_amount_determiner
All can describe a complete uncountable amount.
به‌صورت یک واحد یاد بگیرید
is online
location_state
Uses a singular verb because information is uncountable.
Contrast

Each, every, and all are not the same

Each, every, and all can describe the same real group, but they package it differently. Each separates the members; every stresses complete coverage; all treats the group together. This is why “She wore a ring on each hand” sounds natural: there are two hands, and we look at them separately. Use every, not all, before a singular count noun; use all, not every, before a plural noun. Do not put every directly before of. Common mistake: “Every of the rooms is clean.” Corrected: “Every room is clean.” When you need of, use every one of the rooms.
Contrast گرامر B1 واژگان A2 Neutral

She wore a ring on each hand.

Each is natural for two items when you focus on them separately.

بخش‌های سازنده

جمله را در قالب بخش‌های معنادار بخوانید، نه واژه‌به‌واژه.

on each hand
individual_distribution
Looks at the two hands separately.
به‌صورت یک واحد یاد بگیرید
She wore a ring
main_clause
States what was distributed to the separate members.
Mistake گرامر B1 واژگان A2 Neutral

Every of the rooms is clean.

Every cannot go directly before of.

Corrected گرامر B1 واژگان A2 Neutral

Every room is clean.

Use every + singular noun, or use every one of before a specific group.

بخش‌های سازنده

جمله را در قالب بخش‌های معنادار بخوانید، نه واژه‌به‌واژه.

Every room
complete_group_determiner
Uses every directly before a singular count noun.
به‌صورت یک واحد یاد بگیرید
is clean
state
Uses a singular verb after every + singular noun.
Core pattern

Two choices and zero choices

Both includes two; either chooses one from two; neither excludes both. In questions, either is common when both choices are acceptable: “Would either window seat be okay?” In negatives, use not + either, not neither. Common mistake: “I don't want neither option.” Corrected: “I don't want either option.” Without another negative, neither is correct: “I want neither option.” For larger zero sets, use no before the noun and none when the noun is understood or followed by of. After neither of, a singular verb is the safe formal choice. After none of, singular or plural is possible with plural count nouns, but singular is needed for uncountable amounts.
Question گرامر B1 واژگان A2 Neutral

Would either window seat be okay?

Either is common in questions about two possible choices.

بخش‌های سازنده

جمله را در قالب بخش‌های معنادار بخوانید، نه واژه‌به‌واژه.

Would either window seat be okay
either_question_frame
Asks whether one or the other of two seats is acceptable.
به‌صورت یک واحد یاد بگیرید
Mistake گرامر B1 واژگان A2 Neutral

I don't want neither option.

Do not use neither together with another negative in standard English.

Corrected گرامر B1 واژگان A2 Neutral

I don't want either option.

In a negative clause, either is the standard choice.

بخش‌های سازنده

جمله را در قالب بخش‌های معنادار بخوانید، نه واژه‌به‌واژه.

don't want either option
negative_either_frame
Uses not + either to reject both choices.
به‌صورت یک واحد یاد بگیرید
I
subject
Names the person making the choice.
Corrected گرامر B1 واژگان A2 Neutral

I want neither option.

Neither already carries the negative meaning, so no extra negative is needed.

بخش‌های سازنده

جمله را در قالب بخش‌های معنادار بخوانید، نه واژه‌به‌واژه.

neither option
neither_without_extra_negative
Rejects both choices without using not.
به‌صورت یک واحد یاد بگیرید
I want
preference_frame
States the choice being made.
Form variations

Another, other, the other

Another means one more or one different of the same type, and it normally takes a singular count noun: “Can I have another cup?” Other points to different or additional people or things: “Other people may disagree.” A singular count noun usually needs a determiner, so say another question, the other question, or some other question, not just other question in normal sentences. The other means the remaining one in a known set: “I have two keys; one is here and the other is at home.” Others is the pronoun form for other people or other things. With numbers, another can introduce a plural period or amount, such as another two weeks.
Spoken گرامر B1 واژگان A1 Informal

Can I have another cup?

Another usually goes before a singular count noun.

بخش‌های سازنده

جمله را در قالب بخش‌های معنادار بخوانید، نه واژه‌به‌واژه.

another cup
additional_item_request
Means one more cup of the same type.
به‌صورت یک واحد یاد بگیرید
Can I have
polite_request_frame
A reusable request frame.
Core گرامر B1 واژگان A2 Neutral

Other people may disagree.

Other commonly comes before plural nouns.

بخش‌های سازنده

جمله را در قالب بخش‌های معنادار بخوانید، نه واژه‌به‌واژه.

Other people
different_people_determiner
Means different or additional people.
به‌صورت یک واحد یاد بگیرید
may disagree
possibility
Adds a possible different opinion.
Core گرامر B1 واژگان A2 Neutral

I have two keys; one is here and the other is at home.

The other means the remaining item when the set is known.

بخش‌های سازنده

جمله را در قالب بخش‌های معنادار بخوانید، نه واژه‌به‌واژه.

I have two keys
known_set_setup
Creates a known set of two items.
one is here
first_item
Identifies the first member of the pair.
the other is at home
remaining_item
Points to the remaining item in the known pair.
به‌صورت یک واحد یاد بگیرید
Summary

Practical checklist

Use this checklist. For a complete set, choose all, every, each, or both according to focus and size. For two choices, choose either for one acceptable choice and neither for zero acceptable choices. For zero in a larger set, use no before a noun and none as a pronoun. For extra or different items, use another with a singular count noun and other with plural or uncountable nouns. Use the other when the remaining item is already clear. If using of, make sure the group is specific. When unsure, ask: whole set, separate members, one of two, zero members, or a different/remaining item?
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