by
gb/bˈaɪ/ us/bˈaɪ/
A1
Kiingereza
~ 2800
által, mellett, -val/-vel, -ig, legkésőbb, elmegy
A1
1
által
B1
Muundo wa matumizi:
[action] by [someone/something]
The book was written by a famous author.
A könyvet egy híres szerző írta.
This song was performed by a local band.
Ezt a dalt egy helyi zenekar adta elő.
The painting was created by an unknown artist.
The decision was made by the committee.
Mifano kwa wanafunzi
The letter was written by Tom.
A levelet Tom írta.
This cake was made by my mother.
Ezt a tortát az anyukám készítette.
The picture was painted by Anna.
Kosa la kawaida:
Learners sometimes confuse 'by' with 'from' when talking about the creator of something. Use 'by' for the agent of an action.
Maana
shows who does something
Miunganiko ya maneno
written by
|made by
|created by
|done by
Visawe
via (Can also mean 'through', but less direct for agency.)
Vinyume
without (Indicates absence of the agent or means.)
Mada
grammar
|communication
|core_vocabulary
Ufafanuzi
Used to say who or what does something.
Used to indicate the person, group, or thing that carries out an action.
A1
2
mellett
A1
Muundo wa matumizi:
[something] by [something]
She sat by the window.
Az ablak mellett ült.
The shop is by the bus station.
A bolt a buszállomás mellett van.
He stood by his friend during the ceremony.
Mifano kwa wanafunzi
I am standing by the car.
Az autó mellett állok.
The bank is by the supermarket.
A bank a szupermarket mellett van.
The chair is by the table.
Kosa la kawaida:
Learners sometimes confuse 'by' and 'near'. 'By' often means immediately next to, while 'near' can mean a short distance away.
Maana
next to or beside
Miunganiko ya maneno
sit by
|stand by
|by the door
|by the window
Visawe
beside ('Beside' is more formal and less common in casual speech.)
Vinyume
away from (Indicates distance instead of closeness.)
Mada
location
|daily life
|space
|core_vocabulary
Ufafanuzi
Used to say that something is next to something else.
Used to indicate being near or at the side of something.
A1
3
-val/-vel
A1
Muundo wa matumizi:
[do something] by [method]
We traveled by train.
Vonattal utaztunk.
You can pay by cash or card.
Készpénzzel vagy kártyával is fizethetsz.
She improved her English by practicing every day.
Mifano kwa wanafunzi
I go to school by bus.
Busszal járok iskolába.
We pay by card.
Kártyával fizetünk.
He learns English by reading books.
Kosa la kawaida:
Learners sometimes use 'with' instead of 'by' for methods of transport. Use 'by' for general categories of transport, not specific vehicles ('on the bus').
Maana
using a method or means
Miunganiko ya maneno
travel by car
|pay by credit card
|learn by doing
Visawe
through ('Through' can be similar but may imply passage rather than method.)
Vinyume
without (Indicates absence of a means or method.)
Mada
communication
|process
|core_vocabulary
Ufafanuzi
Used to say how something is done.
Used to indicate the method, means, or process through which something happens.
A2
4
Muundo wa matumizi:
[do something] by [time/date]
Please finish the report by Friday.
Kérlek, péntekig fejezd be a jelentést.
We need to leave by 6 p.m.
Legkésőbb este hatig el kell indulnunk.
By 2025, the city will have a new airport.
Mifano kwa wanafunzi
I must finish homework by 8 p.m.
Este nyolcig be kell fejeznem a házi feladatot.
We will meet by noon.
Legkésőbb délig találkozunk.
He will come back by Monday.
Kosa la kawaida:
Learners sometimes confuse 'by' with 'until'. 'By' means at or before a point in time; 'until' means up to that point continuously.
Maana
no later than a time/date
Miunganiko ya maneno
by Monday
|by the end of the week
|by noon
Visawe
before ('Before' focuses on earlier than; 'by' includes exactly at that time.)
Vinyume
after (Indicates later than the stated time, opposite of deadline meaning.)
Mada
time
|core_vocabulary
Ufafanuzi
Used to say 'not later than' a time or date.
Used to indicate that something happens before or at a certain time or date.
B1
5
elmegy
A2
She walked right by me without noticing.
Közvetlenül mellettem sétált el, és észre sem vett.
We drove by his house yesterday.
Tegnap elhajtottunk a háza mellett.
Time goes by quickly when you're having fun.
Mifano kwa wanafunzi
I walk by the park every day.
Mindennap elsétálok a park mellett.
He went by me fast.
Gyorsan elment mellettem.
We drive by the school each morning.
Maana
pass close to something
Miunganiko ya maneno
go by
|walk by
|drive by
Visawe
past ('Past' emphasizes after passing; 'by' emphasizes proximity in passing.)
Vinyume
toward (Indicates movement in direction of, not past.)
Mada
movement
|space
|travel
|core_vocabulary
Ufafanuzi
Shows that you go near and past someone or something.
Indicates movement past and close to someone or something.
Sarufi
Umbo la kamusi
by
IPA
GB/bˈaɪ/
US/bˈaɪ/
Silabi na mkazo
by (silabi 1)
Stress on 1st syllable (by)
Maumbo ya neno
Noun
- Base: by
- Plural: bys
Familia ya neno
Semi
go by
1/ɡˈoʊ bˈaɪ/
phrasal verb
pass near or over time passes
To pass near something, or for time to pass.
Mifano
- We watched the parade go by.
- As the years go by, technology changes quickly.
pass by
1/pˈæs bˈaɪ/
phrasal verb
move past close to something/someone
To go past someone or something close to you.
Mifano
- He didn't even say hello when he passed by me.
- We watched boats pass by on the river.
by the way
1/bˈaɪ ðə wˈeɪ/
fixed phrase
informal
introduce unrelated information
Used to add new information to what you are saying, often not directly related to the main topic.
Mifano
- By the way, did you see my email?
- By the way, I heard you got a new job.
by the way
2/bˈaɪ ðə wˈeɪ/
fixed phrase
introducing extra information
Used to add new information to a conversation that is not directly about what you were talking about before.
Mifano
- By the way, have you seen my keys?
- By the way, I met your brother yesterday.
by the way
3/bˈaɪ ðə wˈeɪ/
fixed phrase
introducing an extra point
Use this when you suddenly add another piece of information or ask something new.
Mifano
- By the way, did you get my email?
- I loved the movie. By the way, the soundtrack is great too.
- Your brother called, by the way.
Mifano kwa wanafunzi
- By the way, what time is the meeting?
- I finished the report, by the way.
stand by
1/stˈænd bˈaɪ/
phrasal verb
Support during difficulty
To stay loyal to someone and help them when they have problems.
Mifano
- She stood by her friend during the trial.
- Please stand by for further instructions.
- We will stand by our decision no matter what.
- Rescue teams are standing by in case of emergency.
step by step
1/stˈɛp bˈaɪ stˈɛp/
fixed phrase
Gradually and in order
Doing something slowly and carefully in small stages.
Mifano
- We will solve this problem step by step.
- Follow the instructions step by step.
- She followed the instructions step by step.
- She explained the process step by step.