Vocafy - Efektivní učení jazyků Vocafy - Efektivní učení jazyků
Gramatika

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Úrovně CEFR
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Gramatická témata

72 témat
Sentence structure A1 A2

Basic word order

Build neutral statements with subject-verb-object order and predictable positions for complements and adverbials.

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Sentence structure A1

Be sentences

Use be to talk about identity, description, age, feelings, location, and basic situations.

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Sentence structure A1 A2 B1

It as a subject

Use it for time, weather, distance, opinions, and delayed subjects.

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Sentence structure A1 A2

There is and there are

Introduce existence and location with there + be in statements, questions, and negatives.

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Nouns and determiners A1

Singular and plural nouns

Form and use singular and plural nouns, including common spelling changes and irregular plurals.

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Nouns and determiners A1 A2 B1

Count and uncount nouns

Treat nouns as countable or uncountable so articles, numbers, quantifiers, and verb agreement work naturally.

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Nouns and determiners A1 A2 B1

Articles: a, an, the, and no article

Choose between indefinite, definite, and no article based on shared knowledge, countability, and specificity.

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Nouns and determiners A1

Demonstratives: this, that, these, those

Point to near or distant people, things, and ideas with this, that, these, and those.

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Nouns and determiners A1 A2

Possession

Use 's, of, my, mine, and related forms to show ownership and relationships.

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Verbs and tense A1 A2

Have and have got

Express possession, relationships, features, availability, and common everyday meanings with have and have got.

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Pronouns A1 A2

Basic pronouns

Use subject, object, possessive, and basic indefinite pronouns to avoid repeating nouns.

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Verbs and tense A1 A2 B1

Verb forms and auxiliaries

Recognize main verbs, auxiliaries, and the base, -s, -ing, past, and past participle forms.

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Sentence structure A1 A2 B1

Subject-verb agreement

Make the verb match the subject in person and number, even when the subject is long or delayed.

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Verbs and tense A1 A2

Present simple

Talk about routines, facts, schedules, and permanent situations with the base verb or -s form.

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Verbs and tense A1 A2

Present continuous

Talk about actions happening now, temporary situations, and changing trends with be + -ing.

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Verbs and tense A1 A2 B1

Present simple vs present continuous

Choose simple for general or repeated meaning and continuous for temporary, in-progress, or changing meaning.

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Questions and negation A1 A2

Questions with be, do, and wh-words

Build yes/no and wh-questions with be, do, auxiliaries, and subject question patterns.

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Questions and negation A1 A2

Negation with not, no, never, and do

Form negatives with do-support, be, perfect and future auxiliaries, modal + not, no, and never.

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Questions and negation A1 A2 B1 B2

Short answers, echo responses, and question tags

Reply naturally by reusing auxiliaries in short answers, echo responses, and question tags.

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Sentence structure A1 A2

Imperatives and let's

Give instructions, warnings, invitations, and suggestions with base verbs and let's.

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Modifiers A1 A2 B1

Adjectives and adjective order

Put adjectives before nouns or after linking verbs and order multiple adjectives naturally.

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Prepositions and particles A1 A2 B1

Prepositions of place, time, and movement

Use common prepositions to place actions and things in space, time, and movement.

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Modifiers A1 A2 B1

Adverbs and adverb position

Place frequency, manner, degree, time, and place adverbs in natural positions.

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Modality A1 A2

Ability and permission: can, could, may, and be able to

Express present, past, and general ability and ask or give permission with can, could, may, and be able to.

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Clauses and linking A1 A2

Basic connectors: and, but, or, so, because

Join ideas with simple coordination and reason/result links in everyday sentence order.

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Verbs and tense A2

Past simple

Talk about finished past events and states with regular, irregular, and be forms.

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Verbs and tense A2 B1

Past continuous and past simple

Set background actions with past continuous and main events with past simple.

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Verbs and tense A2

Future plans with going to and present continuous

Talk about intentions and arranged future events with going to and present continuous.

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Verbs and tense A2 B1

Will for predictions, decisions, offers, and promises

Use will for predictions, quick decisions, offers, promises, and future facts.

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Modifiers A2 B1

Comparison

Compare people, things, and actions with comparative, superlative, as...as, and less/least forms.

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Nouns and determiners A2 B1

Quantifiers and amount words

Choose amount words such as some, any, much, many, a few, a little, enough, and plenty based on countability and meaning.

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Nouns and determiners B1 B2

Generic reference with nouns

Choose plural, uncount, a/an, or the when talking about a whole class or type.

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Modifiers B1 B2

Focus adverbs and scope

Place only, just, even, also, too, and either so the listener knows exactly what they affect.

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Verbs and tense A2 B1 B2

Gerunds and infinitives

Choose -ing or to + verb after common verbs, adjectives, nouns, prepositions, and expressions.

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Clauses and linking A2 B1

Purpose and result patterns

Show goals and outcomes with infinitives, for, so that, too, enough, so, and such.

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Modality A2 B1

Obligation and advice

Express obligation, necessity, lack of necessity, prohibition, advice, expectation, and warning with have to, must, need to, should, ought to, and had better.

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Modality A2 B1 B2

Requests, offers, and polite softening

Make everyday requests, offers, invitations, and polite suggestions with can, could, would, would you mind, shall, let me, and I was wondering if.

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Verbs and tense A2 B1

Present perfect

Connect the past to now for experience, results, changes, and unfinished time with have + past participle.

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Verbs and tense B1

Present perfect vs past simple

Choose present perfect when the present connection matters and past simple when the finished time matters.

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Verbs and tense B1 B2

State and action verbs

Decide when verbs describe states or actions so continuous and perfect forms sound natural.

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Verbs and tense B1

Present perfect continuous

Show an activity continuing to now or causing a present result, and contrast process or duration with the result focus of Present Perfect Simple.

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Verbs and tense B1 B2

Past perfect and past perfect continuous

Show what happened or was continuing before another past time with had + participle forms.

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Verbs and tense B1 B2

Used to, would, be used to, and get used to

Contrast past habits, familiarity, and becoming familiar with used to, would, be used to, and get used to.

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Clauses and linking A2 B1 B2

Relative clauses

Identify nouns or add extra information with who, which, that, whose, where, and comma use.

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Pronouns A2 B1

Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns

Use myself-type pronouns for same-subject actions and each other for two-way relationships.

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Prepositions and particles A2 B1 B2

Phrasal verbs and particle position

Understand verb-particle meaning and place objects correctly with separable and inseparable phrasal verbs.

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Verbs and tense B1 B2

Passive voice with be

Shift focus from the doer to the action, receiver, or result with be + past participle.

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Verbs and tense B1 B2

Get passive

Use get + past participle for dynamic, informal, and spoken passive events.

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Clauses and linking B1 B2

Noun clauses with that, wh-, and if/whether

Use that, wh-, and if/whether clauses as subjects, objects, complements, and reported content.

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Clauses and linking B1 B2

Reported speech and backshift

Report statements, questions, commands, and requests with changed pronouns, time words, and tense backshift.

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Questions and negation B1 B2

Embedded questions

Use statement word order after question words in indirect questions and polite information requests.

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Clauses and linking B1 B2

Subordinating conjunctions

Link clauses for time, reason, condition, contrast, concession, and purpose with clear clause order.

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Prepositions and particles B1 B2 C1

Preposition patterns

Learn how common verbs, adjectives, and nouns choose prepositions and how prepositions take noun or -ing complements.

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Clauses and linking A2 B1

Zero and first conditionals

Talk about general results and real future possibilities with if, when, unless, and as long as.

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Clauses and linking B1 B2

Second, third, and mixed conditionals

Talk about imagined present or future situations, unreal past situations, and mixed-time results.

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Clauses and linking B1 B2

Wishes and regrets

Use wish, if only, would rather, and it's time to express unreal wants, complaints, and regrets.

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Modality B1 B2

Modal deduction and speculation

Judge present and future certainty with must, can't, may, might, could, and should.

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Modality B2

Perfect modals

Judge past situations with modal + have + past participle for deduction, possibility, regret, and criticism.

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Verbs and tense B1 B2

Future continuous and future perfect

Talk about actions in progress at a future time or completed before a future point.

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Nouns and determiners B1 B2

Determiners for sets and choices

Choose each, every, all, both, either, neither, no, none, another, and other to define sets and choices.

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Nouns and determiners B2 C1

Complex noun phrases

Build dense but clear noun phrases with ordered modifiers, compounds, of-phrases, and postmodifying clauses.

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Verbs and tense B1 B2

Causative and permissive structures

Show that someone causes, lets, helps, or arranges an action with make, let, help, have, and get.

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Clauses and linking B2 C1

Participle clauses and reduced relatives

Shorten clauses with -ing, -ed, and being/having forms while keeping time and subject relationships clear.

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Verbs and tense B2 C1

Advanced passive and reporting patterns

Use passive reporting, distancing, and complex passive forms common in news, reports, and formal writing.

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Information and style B1 B2 C1

Linking adverbs and cohesion

Guide readers through addition, contrast, cause, result, sequence, and summary with sentence adverbs and transitions.

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Information and style B1 B2

Discourse markers and conversation fillers

Use well, actually, anyway, I mean, you know, by the way, and so to manage natural conversation flow.

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Information and style B2 C1

Ellipsis and substitution

Avoid repetition by leaving out recoverable words or replacing them with one, do, so, or not.

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Information and style B2 C1

Focus structures: clefts, fronting, and emphatic do

Highlight the important part of a message with clefts, fronting, and emphatic do.

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Information and style B2 C1

Inversion for emphasis

Use auxiliary-before-subject order after negative or limiting fronted expressions and in formal emphasis.

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Information and style B2 C1

Hedging and stance

Soften or qualify claims with modal verbs, stance adverbs, reporting verbs, and cautious language.

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Information and style C1

Nominalization for concise style

Turn actions and qualities into noun phrases to make formal writing denser and more abstract.

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Information and style B2 C1

Remote forms for politeness and unreality

Understand how past forms, would, could, and might create grammatical distance for tentative, polite, and unreal meanings.

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