Report statements, questions, commands, and requests with changed pronouns, time words, and tense backshift.
'I'm tired,' she said.
│
│ move the message into the reporter's scene
▼
She said she was tired.
Reset the scene dials:
WHO I / you / we ──► the people in the report
I ──► she
TIME/PLACE here / now / yesterday ──► reporter's time/place words
there / then / the day before
TENSE if the report is later, step one tense back
am ──► was will ──► would met ──► had met
Use a report frame:
statement She said she was tired.
question He asked where I lived. (normal word order)
command She asked me to wait there. (person + to + verb)
If the report is still current/true, no backshift is needed:
She says she works in sales.
Report the meaning from your current scene: adjust people, time/place words, and usually move the tense one step back when the report is later.
'I'm tired,' she said.
Direct speech quotes the original words.
She said she was tired.
A simple statement reported with backshift.
Baca kalimat per bagian bermakna, bukan kata demi kata.
He told me he couldn't come.
Tell + object reports a negative statement.
Baca kalimat per bagian bermakna, bukan kata demi kata.
Anna said she lived there.
Pronouns, place words, and tense all move to the new viewpoint.
Baca kalimat per bagian bermakna, bukan kata demi kata.
She said she would call me the next day.
Future meaning is commonly reported with would.
Baca kalimat per bagian bermakna, bukan kata demi kata.
He said he was waiting.
Present continuous usually backshifts to past continuous.
Baca kalimat per bagian bermakna, bukan kata demi kata.
She said she had finished.
Present perfect commonly backshifts to past perfect.
Baca kalimat per bagian bermakna, bukan kata demi kata.
They said they had met Tom the day before.
Past simple often backshifts to past perfect in reported speech.
Baca kalimat per bagian bermakna, bukan kata demi kata.
He said he would help.
Will commonly backshifts to would.
Baca kalimat per bagian bermakna, bukan kata demi kata.
She asked if I had seen Alex.
A yes/no question is reported with if or whether.
Baca kalimat per bagian bermakna, bukan kata demi kata.
He asked where I lived.
A wh-question keeps the question word but loses direct question order.
Baca kalimat per bagian bermakna, bukan kata demi kata.
They asked whether we were coming.
Whether is a slightly more formal alternative to if.
Baca kalimat per bagian bermakna, bukan kata demi kata.
She asked what time the meeting started.
Reported questions use statement order even with longer question phrases.
Baca kalimat per bagian bermakna, bukan kata demi kata.
She asked me to wait there.
Requests are commonly reported with asked + person + to-infinitive.
Baca kalimat per bagian bermakna, bukan kata demi kata.
He told us not to touch it.
Negative commands use not to before the verb.
Baca kalimat per bagian bermakna, bukan kata demi kata.
Dad told me to call him later.
A common everyday command reported with tell.
Baca kalimat per bagian bermakna, bukan kata demi kata.
She says she works in sales.
Backshift is not necessary with a present reporting verb.
Baca kalimat per bagian bermakna, bukan kata demi kata.
He said the train leaves at six.
Backshift can be avoided for information presented as still true.
Baca kalimat per bagian bermakna, bukan kata demi kata.
He asked where did I live.
Reported questions do not use direct question word order.
He asked where I lived.
The corrected version uses statement order.
Baca kalimat per bagian bermakna, bukan kata demi kata.
Silakan masuk untuk melanjutkan