junk
gb/d͡ʒˈʌŋk/ us/d͡ʒˈʌŋk/
A2
Anglų
~ 8500
lom, kacat, limlom, egészségtelen étel, szemét kaja, spam, kéretlen reklámlevél, levélszemét, heroin, hernyó, férfi nemi szerv, fasz, tök, kidob, kukáz, leselejtez, dzsunka
DAIKTAVARDIS
B1
1
Vartosenos šablonas:
to have [junk] [somewhere]
The garage is full of junk we never use.
A garázs tele van soha nem használt lommal.
He buys old junk at flea markets and turns it into art.
Régi kacatokat vásárol bolhapiacokon, és műalkotásokat készít belőlük.
Most of the stuff in that box is just junk from my college days.
She finally cleaned out her closet and threw away bags of junk.
Don’t buy that laptop—it’s complete junk and will break in a month.
Mokymuisi skirti pavyzdžiai
There is a lot of junk under my bed.
Sok kacat van az ágyam alatt.
I need to throw away this junk in the kitchen.
Ki kell dobnom ezt a sok lomot a konyhából.
Her desk is covered in junk.
They sold some old junk at the market.
My car is junk, but I still drive it.
Dažna klaida:
Learners sometimes say *"a junk"* for one item. In English, *junk* is usually uncountable: say *"some junk"* or *"a piece of junk"*, not *"a junk"*. Also, *junk* often suggests solid objects and clutter, not food waste or bad smells, which are more often called *garbage* or *trash*.
Reikšmė
worthless or unwanted things
Kolokacijos
old junk
|pile of junk
|a load of junk
|get rid of junk
|junk drawer
|full of junk
Sinonimai
trash (very close in meaning, but ‘trash’ is slightly more general and a bit less emotional than calling something ‘junk’.)
Antonimai
valuables (refers to items that are valuable and worth keeping, the opposite of junk.)
Temos
daily life
|home
|daily_life
|core_vocabulary
Apibrėžimas
Things that are not useful or not wanted, often old or broken, that you keep or throw away.
Things that are of very poor quality, have little or no value, or are no longer wanted, often collected as clutter or thrown away.
DAIKTAVARDIS
A2
2
Vartosenos šablonas:
to eat [junk] / to eat [junk food]
I’ve been living on junk lately—chips, cookies, and soda.
Mostanában szinte csak egészségtelen kaján élek: csipszen, kekszen és üdítőn.
Try to cut down on junk food if you want to lose weight.
Próbálj kevesebb egészségtelen ételt enni, ha fogyni szeretnél.
The kids love junk, but we only let them have it on weekends.
He grabbed some junk from the vending machine for lunch.
You can’t eat junk every day and expect to feel good.
Mokymuisi skirti pavyzdžiai
I eat too much junk food.
Túl sok egészségtelen ételt eszem.
My doctor told me not to eat junk.
Az orvosom azt mondta, ne egyek egészségtelen ételeket.
We had no real dinner, just junk like chips and candy.
She is trying to stop eating junk.
Junk food tastes good, but it is bad for your health.
Dažna klaida:
Learners may think *junk* always means trash. In food contexts, *junk* (or *junk food*) means unhealthy food, not garbage. Also, say *"some junk"* or *"some junk food"*, not *"a junk"*.
Reikšmė
unhealthy food, often snacks
Kolokacijos
junk food
|eat junk
|cut out junk food
|stop eating junk
|junk-food diet
Sinonimai
fast food (often overlaps, but *fast food* is food that is served quickly; some fast food can be less unhealthy, while *junk* highlights poor nutrition.)
Antonimai
healthy food (emphasizes food that is good for your body, the opposite of junk food.)
Temos
food
|health
|food_drink
Apibrėžimas
Unhealthy food, usually fast food or snacks, with a lot of fat, sugar, or salt and not many good things for your body.
Food that is high in fat, sugar, or salt and low in useful nutrients, especially snacks and fast food that are considered unhealthy.
B2
3
Vartosenos šablonas:
to get [junk] / in the junk folder
Most of the letters I get from that company are just junk.
A legtöbb levél, amit attól a cégtől kapok, csak levélszemét.
Your confirmation email might be in the junk folder.
Lehet, hogy a visszaigazoló e-mail a levélszemét mappában van.
I get so much junk in my inbox every morning.
The new filter sends obvious junk straight to trash.
She spends ten minutes every day deleting junk mail.
Mokymuisi skirti pavyzdžiai
I deleted a lot of junk from my email.
Sok levélszemetet töröltem a postafiókomból.
Check your junk folder for the message.
Nézd meg a levélszemét mappát, hátha ott van az üzenet.
This letter looks like junk to me.
My inbox is full of junk mail.
The email program puts junk in a special folder.
Dažna klaida:
Learners sometimes confuse *junk* with *trash* in email programs. *Junk* is usually for spam or unwanted ads; *trash* is the place where you put messages you have decided to delete.
Reikšmė
unwanted advertising mail or email
Kolokacijos
junk mail
|junk email
|junk folder
|delete junk
|filter junk
Sinonimai
spam (the usual word for unwanted email; *junk* is often used in systems or folders (e.g. “Junk folder”) and for both paper and electronic mail.)
Antonimai
important mail (mail or email that the user wants or needs to see, the opposite of junk.)
Temos
technology
|business
|communication
Apibrėžimas
Mail or email that you do not want, usually advertisements sent to many people.
Unwanted advertising or mass-distributed messages, especially promotional letters or emails that the receiver did not ask for.
DAIKTAVARDIS
C1
SLANG
4
Vartosenos šablonas:
to use [junk] / be on [junk]
He went to rehab after ten years on junk.
Tíz év heroinozás után elvonóra ment.
The film shows how easy it is for musicians to get hooked on junk.
A film bemutatja, milyen könnyen rászokhatnak a zenészek a heroinra.
She swore she would never touch junk again after seeing her friend overdose.
The city is struggling with rising junk use among teenagers.
Mokymuisi skirti pavyzdžiai
He was on junk for many years.
Sok éven át heroinfüggő volt.
The police found junk in his car.
A rendőrök heroint találtak az autójában.
She stopped using junk after rehab.
Junk can destroy a person’s life.
Dažna klaida:
Learners may not realize this is slang and quite strong in tone. It should not be used in formal writing; use the specific drug name (e.g. *heroin*) in careful or medical contexts.
Reikšmė
heroin or similar hard drugs
Kolokacijos
on junk
|shoot junk
|use junk
|junk habit
|hooked on junk
Sinonimai
heroin (the standard drug name; *junk* is informal slang and sounds rough or street-level.)
Antonimai
sobriety (the state of not using drugs or alcohol, which contrasts with using ‘junk’.)
Temos
crime
|health
|daily_life
Apibrėžimas
A slang word for heroin or other very strong illegal drugs.
Heroin, or sometimes other strong illegal drugs, referred to in slang.
DAIKTAVARDIS
C1
VULGAR
5
Vartosenos šablonas:
[someone’s] junk
The coach told the players to wear cups to protect their junk.
Az edző azt mondta a játékosoknak, hogy viseljenek ágyékvédőt, nehogy megsérüljön az ágyékuk.
He got hit in the junk with the ball and doubled over in pain.
A labda tökön találta, ő pedig fájdalmában összegörnyedt.
The reporter joked that the statue’s junk had been covered after complaints.
Mokymuisi skirti pavyzdžiai
He was hit in the junk during the game.
Meccs közben ágyékon találták.
The doctor told him to check his junk for any pain.
Az orvos azt mondta neki, hogy ellenőrizze, érez-e fájdalmat a nemi szervén.
He wore special shorts to protect his junk.
Dažna klaida:
Learners may not realize how vulgar this sounds. It should only be used in very informal, usually male-to-male, joking situations. In normal conversation, use neutral words like *genitals* or *private parts*.
Reikšmė
male genitals (vulgar slang)
Kolokacijos
protect your junk
|kick him in the junk
|cover your junk
|expose his junk
Sinonimai
privates (a softer, less vulgar word; *junk* sounds more crude and joking.)
Temos
body
|relationships
|daily_life
Apibrėžimas
A rude slang word for a man’s sex organs.
Vulgar slang for the external male sexual organs, especially in casual or humorous contexts.
VEIKSMAŽODIS
B2
INFORMAL
6
Vartosenos šablonas:
to junk [something]
We finally decided to junk the old car after the engine failed again.
Végül úgy döntöttünk, hogy leselejtezzük a régi autót, miután megint tönkrement a motorja.
The company junked its previous logo and introduced a fresh design.
A cég kukázta a korábbi logóját, és új, frissebb dizájnt vezetett be.
You can junk those broken chairs; nobody is going to fix them.
He junked the original ending of his novel and rewrote the last chapter.
Mokymuisi skirti pavyzdžiai
We junked our old sofa last year.
Tavaly kidobtuk a régi kanapénkat.
She wants to junk this broken phone.
Ki akarja dobni ezt az elromlott telefont.
They will junk the machine and buy a new one.
He junked the plan when it got too expensive.
Dažna klaida:
Learners sometimes try to use *junk* like *throw* (e.g. *"junk it to me"*). The verb *junk* almost always means *throw away*, not *pass* or *give*. It also usually takes a direct object: *junk the car*, *junk this chair*.
Reikšmė
to throw something away as junk
Kolokacijos
junk the old car
|junk an idea
|decide to junk
|junk the plan
|junk my old TV
Sinonimai
discard (more formal and neutral; *junk* sounds casual and often shows you think the thing is low-value.)
Antonimai
keep (to continue to have something instead of throwing it away.)
Temos
daily life
|home
|daily_life
|core_vocabulary
Apibrėžimas
To throw something away because you think it is not useful or not good anymore.
To get rid of something by throwing it away or scrapping it because it is no longer needed, useful, or worth keeping.
DAIKTAVARDIS
C1
TECHNICAL
7
dzsunka
C1
Vartosenos šablonas:
to sail on a [junk]
Tourists can still take a short trip on a restored wooden junk in Hong Kong Harbor.
A turisták Hongkong kikötőjében ma is tehetnek egy rövid utat egy felújított, fából készült dzsunkán.
The museum has a detailed model of a Ming dynasty junk.
A múzeumban egy Ming-kori dzsunka részletes modellje látható.
Historically, junks carried goods along rivers and across the South China Sea.
Mokymuisi skirti pavyzdžiai
We saw an old Chinese junk on the river.
Láttunk egy régi kínai dzsunkát a folyón.
The junk had many red sails.
A dzsunkának sok piros vitorlája volt.
Long ago, traders used junks to move goods.
Dažna klaida:
Learners may confuse this with the general meaning of *junk* as trash. Here it is a specific kind of boat, usually clear from history or travel context.
Reikšmė
traditional Chinese sailing ship
Kolokacijos
Chinese junk
|wooden junk
|river junk
|sail on a junk
|ancient junk
Sinonimai
Chinese sailing ship (a descriptive phrase; *junk* is the specific traditional term for this kind of vessel.)
Antonimai
modern cargo ship (represents a modern, Western-style large ship, contrasting with the traditional junk.)
Temos
transport
|history
|travel
|transportation
Apibrėžimas
A type of old Chinese sailing boat with a flat bottom and special sails.
A traditional Chinese sailing ship with a flat bottom, high stern, and usually several masts with distinctive full-batten sails.
Gramatika
Pagrindinė forma
junk
IPA
GB/d͡ʒˈʌŋk/
US/d͡ʒˈʌŋk/
Skiemenys ir kirčiavimas
junk (1 skiemuo)
Stress on 1st syllable (junk)
Žodžio formos
Noun
- Base: junk
- Plural: junk
Verb
- Base: junk
- 3rd Person Singular: junks
- Present Participle: junking
- Past: junked
Žodžių šeima
Forms
junks
verb
junking
verb
junked
verb
Related words
junky
adjective
junkyard
noun B2
Advanced or less common
junkie
noun
Posakiai
junk bond
1/d͡ʒˈʌŋk bˈɑnd/
fixed phrase
technical
high-risk low-rated bond
A company bond that is risky because the company might not be able to pay the money back, but it usually pays high interest.
Pavyzdžiai
- During the 1980s, many investors made fortunes trading junk bonds.
- Regulators warned banks about holding too many junk bonds.
- Her portfolio includes some junk bonds to increase potential returns.
junk DNA
1/d͡ʒˈʌŋk dˈi ˈɛn ˈeɪ/
fixed phrase
technical
non-coding DNA with no clear function
Parts of DNA that do not make proteins and were once thought to do nothing.
Pavyzdžiai
- Scientists now believe that some junk DNA may have important regulatory roles.
- Early geneticists used the term ‘junk DNA’ for regions that seemed useless.
- Textbooks are updating their explanations of junk DNA as new research appears.
junk drawer
1/d͡ʒˈʌŋk dɹˈɔɹ/
fixed phrase
informal
drawer full of random small items
A drawer where you keep many small things that you don’t organize, like keys, pens, and old batteries.
Pavyzdžiai
- I can never find anything in the junk drawer in the kitchen.
- All the spare batteries ended up in the junk drawer.
- He tossed the extra screws into the junk drawer and forgot about them.
junk science
1/d͡ʒˈʌŋk sˈaɪəns/
fixed phrase
informal
science with poor methods or evidence
Ideas that look like science but are based on bad tests, weak data, or unfair methods.
Pavyzdžiai
- Experts dismissed the report as junk science used to support a political agenda.
- The documentary was criticized for promoting junk science about health cures.
- Good policy should be based on solid research, not junk science.
junk up
1/d͡ʒˈʌŋk ˈʌp/
phrasal verb
informal
to clutter a place with junk
To make a place messy by putting many useless or low-value things there.
Pavyzdžiai
- Don’t junk up the living room with more old magazines.
- The yard is junked up with broken furniture and tools.
- He junked up his computer with too many unnecessary apps.
junkyard
1/d͡ʒˈʌŋkjˌɑɹd/
fixed phrase
place for old cars and scrap
A place where old cars and machines are kept so people can buy parts or metal from them.
Pavyzdžiai
- They found a cheap door for the car at the junkyard.
- The kids liked exploring the old junkyard on the edge of town.
- The city moved the junkyard away from the residential area.
piece of junk
1/pˈis əv d͡ʒˈʌŋk/
fixed phrase
informal
one very low-quality thing
One thing that is very bad or very low quality.
Pavyzdžiai
- This phone is a piece of junk—it keeps freezing.
- He called the car a piece of junk, but it still runs.
- After a week, the toy broke and I realized it was just a piece of junk.
junk food
1/d͡ʒˈʌŋk fˈud/
fixed phrase
unhealthy processed or snack food
Unhealthy food, like chips or candy, with a lot of fat, sugar, or salt and not many good nutrients.
Pavyzdžiai
- Children should not eat too much junk food.
- We’re trying to stop buying junk food for the house.
- I try to avoid junk food during the week.
- The doctor told him to cut down on junk food and exercise more.
- Kids are surrounded by advertisements for junk food on TV.
junk mail
1/d͡ʒˈʌŋk mˈeɪl/
fixed phrase
unwanted advertising mail or email
Mail or email that you do not want, usually ads sent to many people.
Pavyzdžiai
- I get so much junk mail in my inbox every day.
- I throw most of my junk mail straight into the recycling bin.
- Most of the letters we received this week were just junk mail.
- Check your spam and junk mail folders if you don’t see the confirmation message.
- They complained about the amount of junk mail coming through their door.