Target / Affected One
Who or what is affected by the event?
Maana
The participant that receives the action, changes, is moved, is created, is consumed, or is otherwise affected.
Jinsi ya kuitambua
Ask what the action hits, changes, moves, creates, or concerns.
Mifano
apple|door|letter|problem|him|Mary
eat an apple|open the door|solve the problem
The girl opened the door.
Visual guide
TARGET / AFFECTED ONE what is affected? Actor -> event -> [Target] girl -> opened -> [door] eat -> [apple] solve -> [problem] = affected/changed thing
Target clues may differ order: girl opened [door] case: [door-ACC] marker: OBJ-[door] clitic: opened-[it] agreement: verb -> door context: door understood role = affected one
Mtazamo wa lugha
Katika lugha yako ya kwanza
English usually identifies the affected target by position after the verb, with pronoun case still visible in forms like him and her.
The dog bit the man.
the man = the affected target
Katika lugha unayojifunza
Targets are expressed by object position, object pronouns, and the personal 'a' with specific human objects.
Veo a María. La veo.
I see María. I see her.
Learners often omit personal 'a' or confuse direct and indirect object clitics.
Same block, different coding
Both languages use this block strongly, but they signal it differently. Focus on form changes, not only meaning.