projection
gb/pɹəd͡ʒˈɛkʃən/ us/pɹəd͡ʒˈɛkʃən/
B1
English
~ 5800
előrejelzés, kivetített kép, vetítés, hangkivetítés, vivőerő, kivetítés, projekció, kiálló rész, kiszögellés, vetület, térképvetület, imázs, arculat, kisugárzás
NOUN
B2
1
előrejelzés
B1
Usage pattern:
a projection of [amount] / a projection for [time period]
The company revised its sales projection after demand turned out to be lower than expected.
A vállalat módosította az értékesítési előrejelzését, miután kiderült, hogy a kereslet alacsonyabb a vártnál.
Government population projections show the city could double in size by 2050.
A kormányzati népesség-előrejelzések szerint a város mérete 2050-re akár meg is duplázódhat.
Our budget projections indicate we will break even by the end of the year.
Investors were disappointed when earnings came in far below projections.
Based on current trends, the projection for next quarter’s revenue is quite modest.
Learner examples
The bank asked to see our income projections.
A bank kérte, hogy mutassuk be a jövedelmi előrejelzéseinket.
According to projections, the country will need more schools in ten years.
Az előrejelzések szerint az országnak tíz év múlva több iskolára lesz szüksége.
Our sales projections were too high last year.
The company made a new projection for next month’s costs.
These projections help the manager plan for the future.
Common mistake:
Learners sometimes use "projection" and "prediction" as if they were always the same. A projection is usually more careful and is based on numbers and a clear model, especially in business or government, while a prediction can be any guess, even a personal or informal one.
Meaning
calculated forecast of the future
Collocations
sales projection
|revenue projection
|budget projection
|population projection
|growth projection
|financial projection
Synonyms
forecast (Often used in business and weather; very close in meaning but can sound slightly more general and less technical than "projection" in financial contexts.)
|
estimate (More general and less formal; may be based on rough judgment rather than detailed data and models.)
Antonyms
actual (Refers to real, measured numbers, as in "actual results", which are compared with earlier projections.)
Themes
business
|economics
|planning
|statistics
|finance
Definition
A careful guess about future numbers, such as sales, costs, or population, based on information we have now.
An estimate of a future amount, level, or trend, calculated from current figures and assumptions, often used for planning in business, government, or personal finance.
NOUN
B1
2
vetítés
B1
Usage pattern:
a projection of [image / film] onto [surface]
The projection on the building showed a moving map of the city’s history.
Az épületre vetített kép egy, a város történetét bemutató mozgó térkép volt.
From the back row, the projection was too dim to read the text on the slides.
A hátsó sorból a kivetített kép túl halvány volt ahhoz, hogy el lehessen olvasni a diák szövegét.
They tested the projection before the conference to make sure the video played smoothly.
An outdoor projection turned the castle walls into a giant movie screen.
The museum uses a floor projection to simulate flowing water under your feet.
Learner examples
The projection on the screen was very clear.
A vászonra kivetített kép nagyon éles volt.
We watched a projection of old photos on the wall.
Régi fényképek vetítését néztük a falon.
The teacher checked the projection before the class started.
There was a big projection of the company logo at the event.
The projection stopped when the power went out.
Common mistake:
Learners sometimes say "projector" when they mean the image, as in *"The projector was not clear"* instead of "The projection was not clear". "Projector" is the machine; "projection" is the image on the surface.
Meaning
image cast by a projector
Collocations
projection screen
|digital projection
|slide projection
|3D projection
|large-scale projection
|video projection
Synonyms
display (A broader term for anything shown visually on a surface or device; not limited to images made with a projector.)
Antonyms
darkness (Describes the absence of light or image where a projection would normally appear.)
Themes
technology
|entertainment
|education
|arts_entertainment
Definition
An image you see on a wall or screen when a machine like a projector shines light and pictures onto it.
An image or series of images that is thrown onto a surface such as a wall or screen using light, for example in films, slideshows, or presentations.
NOUN
B2
3
vivőerő
C1
Usage pattern:
good/poor projection of [someone’s] voice
Her stage presence is strong, but her vocal projection needs work.
Erős a színpadi jelenléte, de a hangkivetítésén még dolgoznia kell.
The coach focused on projection so the players could hear each other over the crowd.
Az edző a hangkivetítésre összpontosított, hogy a játékosok a tömeg zajában is hallják egymást.
Without proper projection, even a good speech will be lost in a large hall.
The actor’s projection filled the theater without any microphone.
Singers practice breathing techniques to improve their projection.
Learner examples
The teacher told him to work on his projection.
A tanár azt mondta neki, hogy dolgozzon a hangkivetítésén.
Her voice has very good projection in the classroom.
Az osztályteremben nagyon jól hord a hangja.
With a microphone, you do not need as much projection.
Actors train to improve their voice projection.
His poor projection made the talk hard to follow.
Common mistake:
Learners sometimes confuse "projection" with "pronunciation". Pronunciation is about saying the sounds correctly; projection is about how strongly and clearly your voice is carried to listeners.
Meaning
ability of voice to carry
Collocations
good projection
|poor projection
|voice projection
|projection exercises
|projection skills
|projection in the back row
Synonyms
audibility (More formal and less common in everyday speech; focuses on how easy something is to hear, not specifically on technique.)
Antonyms
mumbling (Describes speaking too quietly or unclearly, making it hard for listeners to hear or understand.)
Themes
communication
|arts
|education
|arts_entertainment
Definition
How well a person’s voice or sound can be heard far away, especially in a large room.
The ability of a sound, especially a person’s voice, to be heard clearly at a distance, often through good use of breathing and articulation.
NOUN
C1
TECHNICAL
4
Usage pattern:
projection of [emotion] onto [someone]
The therapist suggested that his constant blame of others was a form of projection.
A terapeuta felvetette, hogy mások állandó hibáztatása a kivetítés egyik formája.
Calling your colleague lazy may be projection if you are actually unhappy with your own work habits.
Ha lustának nevezed a kollégádat, az kivetítés lehet, ha valójában a saját munkaszokásaiddal vagy elégedetlen.
Projection can protect a person’s self-image in the short term, but it often damages relationships.
Her suspicion that everyone was judging her seemed like projection of her own harsh self-criticism.
In counselling, identifying projection is an important step toward personal responsibility.
Learner examples
In psychology, projection means putting your own feelings onto another person.
A pszichológiában a kivetítés azt jelenti, hogy a saját érzéseidet egy másik emberre vetíted ki.
His anger at his boss might be projection of anger at himself.
Lehet, hogy a főnökére irányuló haragja valójában az önmaga iránt érzett harag kivetítése.
The doctor talked about projection as a defense mechanism.
Projection can hurt friendships because it is not fair to other people.
She learned to see her projection and accept her real feelings.
Common mistake:
Learners may confuse this with the everyday idea of "projecting" confidence or an image. Psychological projection is specifically about wrongly seeing your own feelings in another person, usually without realizing it.
Meaning
attributing own feelings to others
Collocations
psychological projection
|defense mechanism of projection
|unconscious projection
|projection of anger
|projection of guilt
|projection onto others
Synonyms
externalization (A more technical psychological term; overlaps with projection but can also refer more generally to putting inner experiences outside oneself.)
Antonyms
self-awareness (Involves recognizing one’s own feelings and motives instead of wrongly seeing them in others.)
Themes
psychology
|emotions
|mental_health
|health
Definition
When a person, often without knowing it, says that someone else has feelings or problems that really belong to themselves.
In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a person unconsciously attributes their own unwanted thoughts, feelings, or motives to another person.
NOUN
B2
5
kiálló rész
B1
kiszögellés
B2
Usage pattern:
a projection on/from [surface or object]
A small projection on the rock face made it possible for the climber to rest his foot.
A sziklafalon lévő kis kiálló rész lehetővé tette, hogy a mászó megtámassza a lábát.
Be careful, there’s a metal projection sticking out from the shelf.
Vigyázz, kiáll egy fémdarab a polcból.
The architect added a glass projection on the front of the building to create more space.
Several bony projections were visible on the X-ray.
The balcony forms a projection over the street below.
Learner examples
There is a small projection on the wall for the light.
A falon van egy kis kiálló rész a lámpának.
He hit his head on a low projection from the ceiling.
Beütötte a fejét a mennyezet alacsonyan kiálló részébe.
The rock has many sharp projections.
The house has a wooden projection over the door.
We used the stone projection as a step.
Common mistake:
Learners sometimes use only "part" or "end" instead of this more specific word when they want to describe something that clearly sticks out from a surface.
Meaning
part that sticks out
Collocations
small projection
|rock projection
|sharp projection
|architectural projection
|projection from the wall
|bony projection
Synonyms
protrusion (More formal and technical; common in medical or engineering descriptions.)
Antonyms
recess (Refers to a hollow or space that curves inward, the opposite of something that sticks out.)
Themes
space
|nature
|construction
|core_vocabulary
Definition
A piece of something that comes out from the side or surface, like a small ledge or point.
A part or feature of an object or surface that extends outwards beyond the main line or level of that object or surface.
NOUN
C1
TECHNICAL
6
Usage pattern:
projection of [points/object] onto [line/plane/subspace]
In this diagram, the projection of the cube onto the plane is a rectangle.
Ezen az ábrán a kocka síkra vett vetülete egy téglalap.
Orthogonal projection onto a subspace plays a key role in least-squares problems.
Az altérre vett ortogonális projekciónak kulcsszerepe van a legkisebb négyzetek módszerén alapuló feladatokban.
We define a projection that sends every vector to its first two coordinates.
The shadow of an object can be thought of as its projection onto a surface.
This transformation is a projection because applying it twice gives the same result.
Learner examples
In math class we studied projection onto a line.
Matematikaórán az egyenesre való vetítést tanultuk.
The teacher drew the projection of a 3D box on the board.
A tanár felrajzolta egy térbeli doboz vetületét a táblára.
A shadow is like a projection of an object onto the ground.
The program shows a projection of the 3D shape on the screen.
We use projection to see 3D data in 2D.
Common mistake:
Learners sometimes mix this with "transformation" in general. All projections are transformations, but "projection" usually means reducing the dimension or ignoring some components in a specific way.
Meaning
mapping onto a subspace
Collocations
orthogonal projection
|linear projection
|perspective projection
|projection onto a line
|projection onto a plane
|geometric projection
Synonyms
mapping (A more general mathematical term for sending elements of one set to another; not all mappings are projections.)
Themes
mathematics
|science
|engineering
|education
Definition
In math, a way to move points from a bigger space, like 3D space, onto a smaller space, like a flat surface, usually by removing one direction.
In mathematics and related fields, an operation that maps points from a space, often of higher dimension, onto a subspace such as a line or plane, typically by dropping or ignoring some components.
NOUN
C1
TECHNICAL
7
Usage pattern:
[type] projection of the Earth / world map
Different map projections are used depending on whether you want to preserve area, shape, or direction.
Különböző térképvetületeket használnak attól függően, hogy a területet, az alakot vagy az irányt akarják-e megőrizni.
The Mercator projection greatly enlarges regions near the poles.
A Mercator-vetület jelentősen felnagyítja a pólusok közelében lévő területeket.
Choosing an appropriate projection is one of the most important decisions in map design.
This atlas explains the distortions caused by various projections.
On this wall you can compare the same data shown on three different projections.
Learner examples
This world map uses the Mercator projection.
Ez a világtérkép a Mercator-vetületet használja.
Every flat world map must use some kind of projection.
Minden sík világtérképnek valamilyen térképvetületen kell alapulnia.
One projection makes countries near the poles look too big.
Our geography class talked about how each projection changes the map.
The book shows many projections of the Earth.
Common mistake:
Learners sometimes think a map is a perfect picture of the Earth. In fact, every flat map uses a projection and must change something about size, shape, or distance.
Meaning
method of flattening the globe
Collocations
map projection
|Mercator projection
|equal-area projection
|cylindrical projection
|conic projection
|projection system
Synonyms
map projection (More explicit phrase that clearly shows the context is cartography, not mathematics in general.)
Themes
geography
|cartography
|science
|travel
Definition
A special method that lets map makers draw the round Earth on flat paper or a screen, changing the shape or size a little.
A systematic way of drawing the curved surface of the Earth on a flat map, which always involves some distortion of area, shape, distance, or direction.
NOUN
C1
8
Usage pattern:
projection of [quality] / projection as [role or image]
The leader’s calm projection of confidence helped steady the markets.
A vezető nyugodt, magabiztos kisugárzása segített megnyugtatni a piacokat.
On social media, his projection of success hides the struggles he faces offline.
A közösségi médiában sikerességet sugalló imázsa elfedi azokat a nehézségeket, amelyekkel offline szembenéz.
The brand’s projection of a green, eco-friendly image does not match its actual practices.
Her public projection is tough and independent, but close friends see a softer side.
Political campaigns carefully manage the projection of their candidate’s personality.
Learner examples
Her projection of confidence made people trust her.
Magabiztos kisugárzása miatt az emberek megbíztak benne.
The company’s projection is modern and friendly.
A cég arculata modern és barátságos.
On Instagram, his projection is very different from his real life.
The team worked on the projection of a strong brand image.
He changed his projection to look more professional.
Common mistake:
Learners may confuse this with psychological projection. Here, "projection" is about how you choose to appear to others, not about putting your own feelings onto them.
Meaning
public image someone creates
Collocations
projection of confidence
|public projection
|projection of strength
|projection of professionalism
|carefully managed projection
|projection of a friendly image
Synonyms
image (Very common and general; "projection" focuses more on the active, controlled aspect of how that image is shown.)
Antonyms
authenticity (Suggests showing one’s true self rather than a carefully controlled or possibly false projection.)
Themes
communication
|business
|emotions
Definition
The way someone or a company chooses to look or seem to other people, for example strong, friendly, or professional.
The image, qualities, or attitude that a person, group, or organization deliberately shows to others in order to create a particular impression.
Grammar
Dictionary form
projection
IPA
GB/pɹəd͡ʒˈɛkʃən/
US/pɹəd͡ʒˈɛkʃən/
Syllables & stress
pro - jec - tion (3 syllables)
Stress on 2nd syllable (jec)
Word forms
Noun
- Base: projection
- Plural: projection, projections
Word family
Expressions
cash flow projection
1/kˈæʃ flˈoʊ pɹəd͡ʒˈɛkʃən/
fixed phrase
estimate of future cash flow
A plan that shows how much money a business expects to receive and pay out in the future.
Examples
- The startup created a 12-month cash flow projection for investors.
- A realistic cash flow projection can prevent serious money problems.
- Without a clear cash flow projection, it’s hard to know if the project is safe.
growth projection
1/ɡɹˈoʊθ pɹəd͡ʒˈɛkʃən/
fixed phrase
estimate of future growth
A careful guess of how fast something, like a company or an economy, will grow in the future.
Examples
- The country’s growth projection was cut after the energy crisis.
- Our five-year growth projection is based on current customer trends.
- Investors were impressed by the company’s strong growth projections.
income projection
1/ˈɪŋkˌʌm pɹəd͡ʒˈɛkʃən/
fixed phrase
estimate of future income
A careful guess about how much money a person or business will earn in the future.
Examples
- The bank asked for an income projection before approving the mortgage.
- Her income projection for the next year is much higher after the promotion.
- Freelancers often make income projections to plan their savings.
make a projection
1/mˈeɪk ə pɹəd͡ʒˈɛkʃən/
fixed phrase
calculate an expected future value
To work out and say what a number, such as sales or costs, will probably be in the future, using information you have now.
Examples
- The finance team will make a projection for next year’s revenue.
- Before asking for a loan, we need to make a projection of our cash flow.
- Economists made a projection of unemployment rates over the next decade.
map projection
1/mˈæp pɹəd͡ʒˈɛkʃən/
fixed phrase
technical
method for flat world maps
A special method that shows the round Earth on a flat map, changing some shapes or sizes.
Examples
- This atlas explains the differences between various map projections.
- The Mercator map projection is useful for navigation but distorts areas near the poles.
- Choosing the right map projection depends on what you want to show.
population projection
1/pˌɑpjəlˈeɪʃən pɹəd͡ʒˈɛkʃən/
fixed phrase
estimate of future population
A careful guess of how many people will live in a place in the future, using birth, death, and migration data.
Examples
- Population projections show that the city will need more housing by 2040.
- According to the latest population projection, the country will start to shrink in 20 years.
- Urban planners rely on population projections when designing new transport systems.
projection screen
1/pɹəd͡ʒˈɛkʃən skɹˈin/
fixed phrase
surface for projected images
A white or special flat surface where pictures from a projector are shown.
Examples
- They set up a large projection screen in the conference room.
- The image looks sharper on a proper projection screen than on a wall.
- We rolled down the projection screen before starting the movie.
psychological projection
1/sˌaɪkəlˈɑd͡ʒɪkəl pɹəd͡ʒˈɛkʃən/
fixed phrase
technical
defense of putting feelings on others
In psychology, when someone thinks another person has feelings or problems that are really their own.
Examples
- The therapist explained that his constant criticism might be psychological projection.
- Psychological projection can damage relationships if people are not aware of it.
- Her fear of being judged turned out to be psychological projection of her own self-criticism.
sales projection
1/sˈeɪlz pɹəd͡ʒˈɛkʃən/
fixed phrase
estimate of future sales
A careful guess of how much a company will sell in the future.
Examples
- Our sales projection for the holiday season is very optimistic.
- The manager updated the sales projection after seeing the latest orders.
- Investors asked to see a five-year sales projection before deciding.
voice projection
1/vˈɔɪs pɹəd͡ʒˈɛkʃən/
fixed phrase
strength and reach of voice
How well someone can use their voice so that people far away can hear them clearly.
Examples
- Actors take classes to improve their voice projection.
- Good voice projection is important for teachers in large classrooms.
- Even without a microphone, her voice projection filled the hall.