projection
gb/pɹəd͡ʒˈɛkʃən/ us/pɹəd͡ʒˈɛkʃən/
B1
Anglais
~ 5800
Sens
0 sens
Nom
B2
entity
1
calculated forecast of the future
A careful guess about future numbers, such as sales, costs, or population, based on information we have now.
Schéma d’usage :
a projection of [amount] / a projection for [time period]
Erreur fréquente :
Learners sometimes use "projection" and "prediction" as if they were always the same. A projection is usually more careful and is based on numbers and a clear model, especially in business or government, while a prediction can be any guess, even a personal or informal one.
Synonymes
forecast (Often used in business and weather; very close in meaning but can sound slightly more general and less technical than "projection" in financial contexts.)
|
estimate (More general and less formal; may be based on rough judgment rather than detailed data and models.)
Antonymes
actual (Refers to real, measured numbers, as in "actual results", which are compared with earlier projections.)
Collocations
sales projection
|revenue projection
|budget projection
|population projection
|growth projection
|financial projection
Thèmes
business
|economics
|planning
|statistics
|finance
Exemples
- The company revised its sales projection after demand turned out to be lower than expected.
- Government population projections show the city could double in size by 2050.
- Our budget projections indicate we will break even by the end of the year.
- Investors were disappointed when earnings came in far below projections.
- Based on current trends, the projection for next quarter’s revenue is quite modest.
Exemples pédagogiques
- The bank asked to see our income projections.
- According to projections, the country will need more schools in ten years.
- Our sales projections were too high last year.
- The company made a new projection for next month’s costs.
- These projections help the manager plan for the future.
Nom
B1
entity
2
image cast by a projector
An image you see on a wall or screen when a machine like a projector shines light and pictures onto it.
Schéma d’usage :
a projection of [image / film] onto [surface]
Erreur fréquente :
Learners sometimes say "projector" when they mean the image, as in *"The projector was not clear"* instead of "The projection was not clear". "Projector" is the machine; "projection" is the image on the surface.
Synonymes
display (A broader term for anything shown visually on a surface or device; not limited to images made with a projector.)
Antonymes
darkness (Describes the absence of light or image where a projection would normally appear.)
Collocations
projection screen
|digital projection
|slide projection
|3D projection
|large-scale projection
|video projection
Thèmes
technology
|entertainment
|education
|arts_entertainment
Exemples
- The projection on the building showed a moving map of the city’s history.
- From the back row, the projection was too dim to read the text on the slides.
- They tested the projection before the conference to make sure the video played smoothly.
- An outdoor projection turned the castle walls into a giant movie screen.
- The museum uses a floor projection to simulate flowing water under your feet.
Exemples pédagogiques
- The projection on the screen was very clear.
- We watched a projection of old photos on the wall.
- The teacher checked the projection before the class started.
- There was a big projection of the company logo at the event.
- The projection stopped when the power went out.
Nom
B2
property
3
ability of voice to carry
How well a person’s voice or sound can be heard far away, especially in a large room.
Schéma d’usage :
good/poor projection of [someone’s] voice
Erreur fréquente :
Learners sometimes confuse "projection" with "pronunciation". Pronunciation is about saying the sounds correctly; projection is about how strongly and clearly your voice is carried to listeners.
Synonymes
audibility (More formal and less common in everyday speech; focuses on how easy something is to hear, not specifically on technique.)
Antonymes
mumbling (Describes speaking too quietly or unclearly, making it hard for listeners to hear or understand.)
Collocations
good projection
|poor projection
|voice projection
|projection exercises
|projection skills
|projection in the back row
Thèmes
communication
|arts
|education
|arts_entertainment
Exemples
- Her stage presence is strong, but her vocal projection needs work.
- The coach focused on projection so the players could hear each other over the crowd.
- Without proper projection, even a good speech will be lost in a large hall.
- The actor’s projection filled the theater without any microphone.
- Singers practice breathing techniques to improve their projection.
Exemples pédagogiques
- The teacher told him to work on his projection.
- Her voice has very good projection in the classroom.
- With a microphone, you do not need as much projection.
- Actors train to improve their voice projection.
- His poor projection made the talk hard to follow.
Nom
technical
C1
action
4
attributing own feelings to others
When a person, often without knowing it, says that someone else has feelings or problems that really belong to themselves.
Schéma d’usage :
projection of [emotion] onto [someone]
Erreur fréquente :
Learners may confuse this with the everyday idea of "projecting" confidence or an image. Psychological projection is specifically about wrongly seeing your own feelings in another person, usually without realizing it.
Synonymes
externalization (A more technical psychological term; overlaps with projection but can also refer more generally to putting inner experiences outside oneself.)
Antonymes
self-awareness (Involves recognizing one’s own feelings and motives instead of wrongly seeing them in others.)
Collocations
psychological projection
|defense mechanism of projection
|unconscious projection
|projection of anger
|projection of guilt
|projection onto others
Thèmes
psychology
|emotions
|mental_health
|health
Exemples
- The therapist suggested that his constant blame of others was a form of projection.
- Calling your colleague lazy may be projection if you are actually unhappy with your own work habits.
- Projection can protect a person’s self-image in the short term, but it often damages relationships.
- Her suspicion that everyone was judging her seemed like projection of her own harsh self-criticism.
- In counselling, identifying projection is an important step toward personal responsibility.
Exemples pédagogiques
- In psychology, projection means putting your own feelings onto another person.
- His anger at his boss might be projection of anger at himself.
- The doctor talked about projection as a defense mechanism.
- Projection can hurt friendships because it is not fair to other people.
- She learned to see her projection and accept her real feelings.
Nom
B2
entity
5
part that sticks out
A piece of something that comes out from the side or surface, like a small ledge or point.
Schéma d’usage :
a projection on/from [surface or object]
Erreur fréquente :
Learners sometimes use only "part" or "end" instead of this more specific word when they want to describe something that clearly sticks out from a surface.
Synonymes
protrusion (More formal and technical; common in medical or engineering descriptions.)
Antonymes
recess (Refers to a hollow or space that curves inward, the opposite of something that sticks out.)
Collocations
small projection
|rock projection
|sharp projection
|architectural projection
|projection from the wall
|bony projection
Thèmes
space
|nature
|construction
|core_vocabulary
Exemples
- A small projection on the rock face made it possible for the climber to rest his foot.
- Be careful, there’s a metal projection sticking out from the shelf.
- The architect added a glass projection on the front of the building to create more space.
- Several bony projections were visible on the X-ray.
- The balcony forms a projection over the street below.
Exemples pédagogiques
- There is a small projection on the wall for the light.
- He hit his head on a low projection from the ceiling.
- The rock has many sharp projections.
- The house has a wooden projection over the door.
- We used the stone projection as a step.
Nom
technical
C1
entity
6
mapping onto a subspace
In math, a way to move points from a bigger space, like 3D space, onto a smaller space, like a flat surface, usually by removing one direction.
Schéma d’usage :
projection of [points/object] onto [line/plane/subspace]
Erreur fréquente :
Learners sometimes mix this with "transformation" in general. All projections are transformations, but "projection" usually means reducing the dimension or ignoring some components in a specific way.
Synonymes
mapping (A more general mathematical term for sending elements of one set to another; not all mappings are projections.)
Collocations
orthogonal projection
|linear projection
|perspective projection
|projection onto a line
|projection onto a plane
|geometric projection
Thèmes
mathematics
|science
|engineering
|education
Exemples
- In this diagram, the projection of the cube onto the plane is a rectangle.
- Orthogonal projection onto a subspace plays a key role in least-squares problems.
- We define a projection that sends every vector to its first two coordinates.
- The shadow of an object can be thought of as its projection onto a surface.
- This transformation is a projection because applying it twice gives the same result.
Exemples pédagogiques
- In math class we studied projection onto a line.
- The teacher drew the projection of a 3D box on the board.
- A shadow is like a projection of an object onto the ground.
- The program shows a projection of the 3D shape on the screen.
- We use projection to see 3D data in 2D.
Nom
technical
C1
entity
7
method of flattening the globe
A special method that lets map makers draw the round Earth on flat paper or a screen, changing the shape or size a little.
Schéma d’usage :
[type] projection of the Earth / world map
Erreur fréquente :
Learners sometimes think a map is a perfect picture of the Earth. In fact, every flat map uses a projection and must change something about size, shape, or distance.
Synonymes
map projection (More explicit phrase that clearly shows the context is cartography, not mathematics in general.)
Collocations
map projection
|Mercator projection
|equal-area projection
|cylindrical projection
|conic projection
|projection system
Thèmes
geography
|cartography
|science
|travel
Exemples
- Different map projections are used depending on whether you want to preserve area, shape, or direction.
- The Mercator projection greatly enlarges regions near the poles.
- Choosing an appropriate projection is one of the most important decisions in map design.
- This atlas explains the distortions caused by various projections.
- On this wall you can compare the same data shown on three different projections.
Exemples pédagogiques
- This world map uses the Mercator projection.
- Every flat world map must use some kind of projection.
- One projection makes countries near the poles look too big.
- Our geography class talked about how each projection changes the map.
- The book shows many projections of the Earth.
Nom
C1
entity
8
public image someone creates
The way someone or a company chooses to look or seem to other people, for example strong, friendly, or professional.
Schéma d’usage :
projection of [quality] / projection as [role or image]
Erreur fréquente :
Learners may confuse this with psychological projection. Here, "projection" is about how you choose to appear to others, not about putting your own feelings onto them.
Synonymes
image (Very common and general; "projection" focuses more on the active, controlled aspect of how that image is shown.)
Antonymes
authenticity (Suggests showing one’s true self rather than a carefully controlled or possibly false projection.)
Collocations
projection of confidence
|public projection
|projection of strength
|projection of professionalism
|carefully managed projection
|projection of a friendly image
Thèmes
communication
|business
|emotions
Exemples
- The leader’s calm projection of confidence helped steady the markets.
- On social media, his projection of success hides the struggles he faces offline.
- The brand’s projection of a green, eco-friendly image does not match its actual practices.
- Her public projection is tough and independent, but close friends see a softer side.
- Political campaigns carefully manage the projection of their candidate’s personality.
Exemples pédagogiques
- Her projection of confidence made people trust her.
- The company’s projection is modern and friendly.
- On Instagram, his projection is very different from his real life.
- The team worked on the projection of a strong brand image.
- He changed his projection to look more professional.
Grammaire
Forme canonique
projection
API
GB/pɹəd͡ʒˈɛkʃən/
US/pɹəd͡ʒˈɛkʃən/
Syllabes et accentuation
pro - jec - tion (3 syllabes)
Stress on 2nd syllable (jec)
Formes du mot
Noun
- Base: projection
- Plural: projection, projections
Famille de mots
Expressions
cash flow projection
1/kˈæʃ flˈoʊ pɹəd͡ʒˈɛkʃən/
fixed phrase
estimate of future cash flow
A plan that shows how much money a business expects to receive and pay out in the future.
Exemples
- The startup created a 12-month cash flow projection for investors.
- A realistic cash flow projection can prevent serious money problems.
- Without a clear cash flow projection, it’s hard to know if the project is safe.
growth projection
1/ɡɹˈoʊθ pɹəd͡ʒˈɛkʃən/
fixed phrase
estimate of future growth
A careful guess of how fast something, like a company or an economy, will grow in the future.
Exemples
- The country’s growth projection was cut after the energy crisis.
- Our five-year growth projection is based on current customer trends.
- Investors were impressed by the company’s strong growth projections.
income projection
1/ˈɪŋkˌʌm pɹəd͡ʒˈɛkʃən/
fixed phrase
estimate of future income
A careful guess about how much money a person or business will earn in the future.
Exemples
- The bank asked for an income projection before approving the mortgage.
- Her income projection for the next year is much higher after the promotion.
- Freelancers often make income projections to plan their savings.
make a projection
1/mˈeɪk ə pɹəd͡ʒˈɛkʃən/
fixed phrase
calculate an expected future value
To work out and say what a number, such as sales or costs, will probably be in the future, using information you have now.
Exemples
- The finance team will make a projection for next year’s revenue.
- Before asking for a loan, we need to make a projection of our cash flow.
- Economists made a projection of unemployment rates over the next decade.
map projection
1/mˈæp pɹəd͡ʒˈɛkʃən/
fixed phrase
technical
method for flat world maps
A special method that shows the round Earth on a flat map, changing some shapes or sizes.
Exemples
- This atlas explains the differences between various map projections.
- The Mercator map projection is useful for navigation but distorts areas near the poles.
- Choosing the right map projection depends on what you want to show.
population projection
1/pˌɑpjəlˈeɪʃən pɹəd͡ʒˈɛkʃən/
fixed phrase
estimate of future population
A careful guess of how many people will live in a place in the future, using birth, death, and migration data.
Exemples
- Population projections show that the city will need more housing by 2040.
- According to the latest population projection, the country will start to shrink in 20 years.
- Urban planners rely on population projections when designing new transport systems.
projection screen
1/pɹəd͡ʒˈɛkʃən skɹˈin/
fixed phrase
surface for projected images
A white or special flat surface where pictures from a projector are shown.
Exemples
- They set up a large projection screen in the conference room.
- The image looks sharper on a proper projection screen than on a wall.
- We rolled down the projection screen before starting the movie.
psychological projection
1/sˌaɪkəlˈɑd͡ʒɪkəl pɹəd͡ʒˈɛkʃən/
fixed phrase
technical
defense of putting feelings on others
In psychology, when someone thinks another person has feelings or problems that are really their own.
Exemples
- The therapist explained that his constant criticism might be psychological projection.
- Psychological projection can damage relationships if people are not aware of it.
- Her fear of being judged turned out to be psychological projection of her own self-criticism.
sales projection
1/sˈeɪlz pɹəd͡ʒˈɛkʃən/
fixed phrase
estimate of future sales
A careful guess of how much a company will sell in the future.
Exemples
- Our sales projection for the holiday season is very optimistic.
- The manager updated the sales projection after seeing the latest orders.
- Investors asked to see a five-year sales projection before deciding.
voice projection
1/vˈɔɪs pɹəd͡ʒˈɛkʃən/
fixed phrase
strength and reach of voice
How well someone can use their voice so that people far away can hear them clearly.
Exemples
- Actors take classes to improve their voice projection.
- Good voice projection is important for teachers in large classrooms.
- Even without a microphone, her voice projection filled the hall.