data
gb/dˈætə/ us/dˈætə/
B1
Angielski
Znaczenia
0 znaczeń
Rzeczownik
B1
abstract
1
facts used to understand something
information and facts you can study or use.
Schemat użycia:
data on/about [topic]
Częsty błąd:
In general English, data is often treated as uncountable (data is/was). Avoid *a data*; say a piece of data or a data point.
Synonimy
information (broader and less analytical.)
|
facts (emphasizes truth rather than measurement.)
Antonimy
misinformation (false or misleading information.)
|
guesswork (decisions made without evidence.)
Kolokacje
collect data
|analyze data
|data on
|data about
|look at the data
|reliable data
|accurate data
|recent data
|data shows
|data suggests
Tematy
education
|media
|daily_life
Przykłady
- We don’t have enough data to say whether the policy worked.
- The report includes data on housing costs across the city.
- Please check the data before you publish the chart.
Przykłady dla uczących się
- We need more data.
- The data is correct.
Rzeczownik
B1
entity
2
digital information used by computers
information that computers use, like files and numbers.
Schemat użycia:
store/process/transmit data
Częsty błąd:
Don’t confuse data (information) with a device: a database stores data; it is not data itself.
Synonimy
information (less specifically digital.)
Antonimy
paperwork (information kept on paper rather than digitally.)
Kolokacje
store data
|process data
|transfer data
|data file
|data storage
|data system
|data center
|data backup
|data recovery
|data transfer
Tematy
technology
|computing
|internet
Przykłady
- The app saves your data in the cloud.
- We encrypted the data before sending it over the network.
- If you delete the folder, you may lose important data.
Przykłady dla uczących się
- My phone stores a lot of data.
- Back up your data.
Rzeczownik
technical
B2
abstract
3
measurements from research or tests
results you collect in a study or experiment.
Schemat użycia:
data from [experiment/study/survey]
Częsty błąd:
In academic writing, you may see plural agreement (these data are). In everyday English, singular agreement (the data is) is common.
Synonimy
results (focuses on outcomes rather than the collected measurements themselves.)
|
statistics (often implies numerical summary or analysis.)
Antonimy
anecdote (a single story rather than systematic evidence.)
Kolokacje
collect data
|record data
|raw data
|experimental data
|survey data
|clinical data
|data set
|data analysis
|data quality
|publish data
Tematy
science
|education
|health
Przykłady
- The researchers collected data from 500 participants.
- The data shows a clear increase in average temperatures.
- We need to clean the data before we run the analysis.
Przykłady dla uczących się
- We collected data in the lab.
- The data supports the idea.
Rzeczownik
formal
B2
entity
4
information about a person
details that can identify a person.
Schemat użycia:
personal data about [someone]; collect/use/share personal data
Częsty błąd:
Personal data is not only financial information; it can include email addresses, location data, or device IDs.
Synonimy
personal information (more everyday and less legal-sounding.)
Antonimy
anonymous data (information that does not identify a person.)
Kolokacje
personal data
|sensitive data
|protect data
|share data
|sell data
|data privacy
|data consent
|handle data
|store data securely
|data retention
Tematy
law
|technology
|privacy
|business
Przykłady
- The company says it does not sell users’ personal data.
- You can request a copy of the personal data we hold about you.
- We removed names to reduce the risk of exposing personal data.
Przykłady dla uczących się
- Do not share personal data online.
- This form asks for personal data.
Rzeczownik
technical
B2
entity
5
a collected set of information
a group of data kept together.
Schemat użycia:
a data set of [things]; a data set for [purpose]
Częsty błąd:
Dataset/data set refers to a collection; data alone can be general information without a defined set.
Synonimy
collection (general word; not necessarily structured.)
Antonimy
single value (one item rather than a collection.)
Kolokacje
large data set
|training data
|test data
|data set
|labelled data
|balanced data
|share data
|download data
|merge data
|filter data
Tematy
technology
|education
|business
Przykłady
- The team released a data set of traffic counts by street.
- We combined two data sets to get a fuller picture.
- This model performs well on the training data but poorly on new data.
Przykłady dla uczących się
- We downloaded a data set.
- This data set is very large.
Rzeczownik
business
B2
abstract
6
information used for business decisions
information a business uses to make decisions.
Schemat użycia:
customer/sales/market data; use data to [do something]
Częsty błąd:
Data in this sense usually means evidence from systems or research, not personal opinions.
Synonimy
metrics (usually specific measured numbers used to track performance.)
|
figures (often refers to numbers in reports.)
Antonimy
hunch (a feeling not based on evidence.)
Kolokacje
customer data
|sales data
|market data
|data insights
|data strategy
|data team
|use data
|data dashboard
|data reporting
|data metrics
Tematy
business
|marketing
|technology
Przykłady
- The marketing team used customer data to improve targeting.
- Our sales data suggests demand is slowing in April.
- They built a dashboard to track key data in real time.
Przykłady dla uczących się
- We use data to plan.
- Sales data looks good this month.
Rzeczownik
formal
C1
quantity
7
individual pieces of information (formal)
separate facts or results (formal use).
Schemat użycia:
these data; the data are [adjective]
Częsty błąd:
In formal writing, data may take a plural verb (data are). In everyday English, singular (data is) is more common.
Synonimy
findings (emphasizes conclusions drawn from data.)
Antonimy
assumption (something accepted without evidence.)
Kolokacje
these data
|the data are
|data indicate
|data support
|data points
|observed data
|collected data
|reported data
|available data
|incomplete data
Tematy
education
|science
|writing
Przykłady
- These data are consistent with earlier studies.
- The data indicate a strong relationship between the variables.
- Not all the data were available at the time of publication.
Przykłady dla uczących się
- These data are important.
- The data are incomplete.
Rzeczownik
B1
quantity
8
internet usage on a phone plan
the internet you can use on your phone plan.
Schemat użycia:
use up [amount] of data; run out of data; a data plan
Częsty błąd:
Data in this sense is usually uncountable; say How much data do I have left? not *How many datas*.
Synonimy
internet allowance (explains the idea but is less common.)
Antonimy
Wi‑Fi (internet access via a local wireless network rather than a mobile data plan.)
Kolokacje
use data
|save data
|run out of data
|data plan
|data allowance
|data usage
|unlimited data
|data roaming
|turn off data
|data limit
Tematy
technology
|daily_life
|telecommunications
Przykłady
- I ran out of data before the end of the month.
- Streaming video can use a lot of data.
- You can turn off data to avoid extra charges while traveling.
Przykłady dla uczących się
- I don’t have much data left.
- This plan has unlimited data.
Gramatyka
Wyrażenia
big data
1/bˈɪɡ dˈætə/
fixed phrase
technical
very large complex datasets
very large amounts of data that need special analysis.
Przykłady
- Retailers use big data to predict what customers will buy.
- The project relies on big data from millions of sensors.
- Big data analysis can reveal patterns that are hard to see otherwise.
data breach
1/dˈætə bɹˈit͡ʃ/
fixed phrase
formal
unauthorized access to data
when someone gets private data without permission.
Przykłady
- The hospital reported a data breach affecting thousands of patients.
- After the data breach, customers were advised to change their passwords.
- The company faces fines because it failed to prevent a data breach.
data entry
1/dˈætə ˈɛntɹi/
fixed phrase
business
typing information into a system
putting information into a computer.
Przykłady
- She does data entry for the accounts department.
- The form reduces errors by automating some data entry.
- We outsourced data entry to save time.
data mining
1/dˈætə mˈaɪnɪŋ/
fixed phrase
technical
finding patterns in large data
searching data to find useful patterns.
Przykłady
- The team used data mining to detect fraudulent transactions.
- Data mining can help identify which products are often bought together.
- They built tools for data mining customer reviews.
data mining
2/dˈætə mˈaɪnɪŋ/
fixed phrase
technical
Analyzing large datasets for patterns
Looking at a lot of data to find useful information.
Przykłady
- Data mining is used by online stores to recommend products.
- Data mining helps detect fraud in banking.
data point
1/dˈætə pˈɔɪnt/
fixed phrase
one individual value or fact
one piece of data.
Przykłady
- One data point doesn’t prove the trend, but it’s worth noting.
- We removed a data point that was clearly an error.
- Each dot on the chart represents a data point.
data protection
1/dˈætə pɹətˈɛkʃən/
fixed phrase
formal
keeping data safe and private
keeping information safe from misuse.
Przykłady
- Staff receive training on data protection and privacy.
- The new policy strengthens data protection for children’s accounts.
- Good data protection reduces the risk of leaks and fraud.
data-driven
1/dˈætə dɹˈɪvən/
fixed phrase
business
based on data and analysis
using data to make decisions.
Przykłady
- They took a data-driven approach to improving customer support.
- Our hiring process is more data-driven than it used to be.
- Data-driven decisions can reduce bias, but only if the data is reliable.
open data
1/ˈoʊpən dˈætə/
fixed phrase
formal
publicly available data to use
data that anyone can use.
Przykłady
- The city published open data on public transport delays.
- Open data can help journalists and researchers check official claims.
- They built an app using open data from government websites.