Quoted / Reported Speech
Direct speech
Indirect speech
Reported speech
Who said or thought it?
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Information structure
Maana
A structure that reports speech, thought, belief, command, or question directly or indirectly.
Jinsi ya kuitambua
Ask whose words or thoughts are being represented.
Mifano
Maneno
said|told|asked|thought|quoted
Virai
he said that|she asked if|according to him
Sentensi
She said that she was tired.
Visual guide
Basic shape
SPEAKER / THINKER
She said [that she was tired].
[reported thought]
Ask: whose words?
→ She represents them.
Compare shape
Direct quote: She said, "I am tired." Indirect report: She said [that she was tired]. Check shifts: I→she, am→was.
Mtazamo wa lugha
Katika lugha yako
Japanese
Uwepo
strong
Umuhimu
Reported speech commonly uses the quotative particle と and speech verbs.
彼女は疲れたと言った。
She said that she was tired.
Katika lugha unayojifunza
Korean (South Korean standard)
Uwepo
strong
Ugumu
Reported speech uses quotation endings such as -다고, -라고, -냐고, -자고 before a reporting verb.
그가 온다고 했어요.
He said that he is coming.
Changamoto ya kawaida kwa wanaojifunza
Learners often omit the correct quotation ending or use one form for statements, questions, and commands.
Same block, different coding
Both languages use this block strongly, but they signal it differently. Focus on form changes, not only meaning.