Evidence / Source Signal
How does the speaker know?
Maana
A signal that marks whether information is seen, heard, inferred, assumed, reported, remembered, or generally known.
Jinsi ya kuitambua
Ask whether the sentence shows the source of knowledge.
Mifano
apparently|I heard|it seems|they say
I heard that|apparently true|it looks like
Apparently, the train is late.
Visual guide
claim: the train is late
^
evidence layer:
how does speaker know?
I heard / it seems / apparently
Apparently, the train is late.
Evidence choices: seen -> direct I heard -> heard they say -> reported it seems -> inferred apparently -> indirect
Mtazamo wa lugha
Katika lugha yako
Japanese has useful hearsay and inference markers, though not a mandatory evidential system.
電車が遅れているそうです。
I hear that the train is late.
Katika lugha unayojifunza
Korean has useful inference and hearsay-like patterns, but it is not an obligatory evidential system.
비가 오나 봐요.
It seems that rain is coming.
Learners may overuse direct statements and miss common softening or inference forms.
Good transfer potential
This block behaves relatively similarly, so you can transfer intuition more safely between the two languages.