The speaker's attitudes and intentions
Source of knowledge
How the speaker knows
How did the speaker find this out?
Kahulugan
A speaker can show whether information comes from seeing, hearing, being told, or working something out. This separates direct experience from reports and conclusions drawn from clues. Some languages require special forms to mark the source, while others use optional words or phrases. Certainty shows how sure the speaker is; How the speaker knows shows where the information comes from.
Paano ito matukoy
Look for words or forms that show the source of the information, rather than just how sure the speaker is.