circulation
gb/sˈɚkjəlˌeɪʃən/ us/sˈɚkjəlˌeɪʃən/
B1
Angličtina
~ 7200
vérkeringés, keringés, áramlás, terjedés, köröztetés, példányszám, forgalomban lévő készpénz, forgalom, kölcsönzés, kölcsönzési forgalom
PODSTATNÉ JMÉNO
B1
1
vérkeringés
B1
Vzorec užití:
[someone] has [good/poor] circulation
Regular exercise can improve circulation and reduce the risk of heart disease.
A rendszeres testmozgás javíthatja a vérkeringést, és csökkentheti a szívbetegségek kockázatát.
She wears compression socks because she has poor circulation in her feet.
Kompressziós zoknit visel, mert rossz a vérkeringése a lábában.
Smoking can seriously damage your blood circulation over time.
The doctor checked the circulation in his arm after the injury.
Cold weather can slow down circulation in your hands and toes.
Učební příklady
Walking every day is good for your circulation.
A mindennapi séta jót tesz a vérkeringésnek.
My grandfather has bad circulation in his legs.
A nagyapámnak rossz a vérkeringése a lábában.
The nurse checked his hand to make sure the circulation was okay.
If your circulation is poor, your feet may feel very cold.
Drinking enough water also helps your circulation.
Častá chyba:
Learners sometimes confuse “circulation” with “blood pressure.” Circulation is about how well blood moves around the body, while blood pressure is how strong the blood pushes on the walls of the blood vessels.
Význam
movement of blood in the body
Kolokace
blood circulation
|poor circulation
|good circulation
|improve circulation
|circulation problems
|circulation in the legs
Synonyma
blood flow (A more everyday term that focuses on the movement of blood, without the medical feel of “circulation.”)
Antonyma
stagnation (Describes blood not moving properly, the opposite of healthy circulation.)
Témata
health
|biology
|medicine
|body
Definice
The way blood moves again and again around the body.
The continuous flow of blood through the heart and blood vessels of a person or animal.
PODSTATNÉ JMÉNO
B2
2
Vzorec užití:
circulation of [air/liquid] in [a place]
Open a window to improve air circulation in the room.
Nyiss ki egy ablakot, hogy jobb legyen a légáramlás a szobában.
The new pump increases water circulation in the aquarium.
Az új szivattyú fokozza a víz keringését az akváriumban.
Poor circulation of air can cause mold to grow in the bathroom.
The architect designed the house for natural light and good air circulation.
Ceiling fans help with circulation of warm air in the winter.
Učební příklady
We need better air circulation in this office.
Jobb légáramlásra van szükségünk ebben az irodában.
The fan helps the circulation of air in the room.
A ventilátor segíti a levegő áramlását a szobában.
Bad air circulation can make people feel tired.
There is good water circulation in this swimming pool.
Plants grow better when the air circulation is good.
Častá chyba:
Learners sometimes use only “ventilation” when they mean both fresh air entering and air moving around. “Ventilation” is about bringing in fresh air, while “circulation” is about air moving within the space.
Význam
movement of air or liquid
Kolokace
air circulation
|good circulation of air
|water circulation
|heat circulation
|improve circulation in the room
|ventilation and circulation
Synonyma
flow (A more general word for movement of a liquid or gas; “circulation” suggests a repeated or system-wide movement.)
Antonyma
stagnation (Refers to air or liquid that is not moving, the opposite of healthy circulation.)
Témata
science
|environment
|technology
|core_vocabulary
Definice
The way air, water, or another liquid or gas moves around in a place again and again.
The movement of air, liquid, or gas continuously through a space or closed system.
PODSTATNÉ JMÉNO
B2
3
terjedés
B1
köröztetés
C1
Vzorec užití:
the circulation of [information/document/rumor]
The memo is now in circulation among all department heads.
A feljegyzést most az összes osztályvezető között köröztetik.
The circulation of false information online can cause real harm.
A hamis információk online terjedése valódi károkat okozhat.
A draft version of the report is in limited circulation.
There are several fake banknotes in circulation at the moment.
The company stopped the circulation of the outdated safety manual.
Učební příklady
The email is now in circulation in the office.
Az e-mail már körbejár az irodában.
There was a strange story in circulation about the manager.
Egy furcsa történet keringett a menedzserről.
Only a few copies of the plan are in circulation.
The rumor went into wide circulation on social media.
The bank tried to stop the circulation of fake money.
Častá chyba:
Learners sometimes say “the information is circulating” when they want to emphasize its general presence in a group. This is correct, but “in circulation” or “in wide circulation” is often more natural when talking about how common it is.
Význam
spread of information or items
Kolokace
wide circulation
|in general circulation
|the circulation of a rumor
|document circulation
|internal circulation
|put into circulation
Synonyma
distribution (Focuses more on the act of giving or sending out, while “circulation” emphasizes ongoing movement within a group.)
Antonyma
suppression (If circulation is allowing information to spread, suppression is actively stopping it from spreading.)
Témata
communication
|business
|society
|core_vocabulary
Definice
The way information, papers, or things go from one person to another in a group.
The process by which information, documents, or objects are passed from person to person or move within a group.
PODSTATNÉ JMÉNO
B2
4
példányszám
B2
Vzorec užití:
[publication] has a circulation of [number]
The magazine has a monthly circulation of 200,000 copies.
A magazin havi példányszáma 200 000 példány.
Falling circulation forced the newspaper to cut staff.
A csökkenő példányszám miatt az újság kénytelen volt munkatársakat elbocsátani.
The paper increased its circulation by redesigning its front page.
They hope the new weekend edition will boost circulation.
It is one of the country’s highest-circulation tabloids.
Učební příklady
The local paper has a small circulation.
A helyi lapnak alacsony a példányszáma.
The newspaper’s circulation is going down.
Az újság példányszáma csökken.
This magazine has a circulation of 50,000 every week.
They want to increase the circulation of their online magazine.
The chart shows the circulation of different newspapers.
Častá chyba:
Learners sometimes confuse “circulation” with “edition.” An edition is a particular version of a publication, while circulation is how many copies are sold or distributed.
Význam
number of copies distributed
Kolokace
newspaper circulation
|high circulation
|mass circulation
|circulation figures
|circulation of 50,000
|circulation is falling
Synonyma
readership (Focuses on the number of readers rather than the number of printed copies, but often used similarly in media contexts.)
Antonyma
limited circulation (Describes a publication that reaches only a small number of people, the opposite of wide or mass circulation.)
Témata
media
|business
|marketing
|communication
Definice
How many copies of a newspaper or magazine are sold or given out each time.
The average number of copies of a newspaper, magazine, or similar publication that are sold or distributed regularly.
PODSTATNÉ JMÉNO
B2
5
Vzorec užití:
money/coins in circulation
The central bank announced that the old notes will be taken out of circulation next year.
A jegybank bejelentette, hogy a régi bankjegyeket jövőre kivonják a forgalomból.
There are still many counterfeit coins in circulation.
Még mindig sok hamis érme van forgalomban.
The total amount of cash in circulation has increased sharply.
New two-pound coins were put into circulation last month.
These rare coins are no longer in general circulation.
Učební příklady
These old coins are no longer in circulation.
Ezek a régi érmék már nincsenek forgalomban.
The bank will take these notes out of circulation soon.
A bank hamarosan kivonja ezeket a bankjegyeket a forgalomból.
More cash went into circulation during the holiday season.
There is a lot of fake money in circulation.
New banknotes are now in circulation across the country.
Častá chyba:
Learners sometimes use “circulation” alone, saying things like *“The circulation increased”* without context. It is more natural to say “the amount of money in circulation increased” or “cash in circulation increased.”
Význam
money or coins in use
Kolokace
money in circulation
|coins in circulation
|banknotes in circulation
|take out of circulation
|withdraw from circulation
|put into circulation
Synonyma
money supply (An economic term that refers more broadly to all money in the economy, while “circulation” often focuses on physical cash or its active use.)
Antonyma
withdrawal (When money or coins are removed from use, the opposite of being kept in circulation.)
Témata
economics
|finance
|society
|business
Definice
The money that people are using and spending in a country at a given time.
The total amount of coins, banknotes, or money that is currently being used and exchanged in an economy.
PODSTATNÉ JMÉNO
C1
TECHNICAL
6
Vzorec užití:
library circulation of [items]
The library reported a 15% increase in circulation last year.
A könyvtár tavaly 15%-os növekedést jelentett a kölcsönzések számában.
Please return borrowed books to the circulation desk.
A kölcsönzött könyveket kérjük, a kölcsönzőpultnál adja le.
Children’s books account for a large share of the library’s total circulation.
The report analyzes circulation patterns across different subject areas.
Due to low circulation, some journals will be moved to storage.
Učební příklady
You can borrow books at the circulation desk.
A kölcsönzőpultnál lehet könyveket kölcsönözni.
Circulation is higher during the exam period.
A vizsgaidőszakban nagyobb a kölcsönzési forgalom.
The library checks its circulation numbers every month.
This book is for library use only and is not in circulation.
The new novels are very popular and have high circulation.
Častá chyba:
Learners sometimes think “circulation desk” is about air or blood, but in libraries it simply means the place where you check items in and out.
Význam
borrowing activity in a library
Kolokace
library circulation
|circulation desk
|circulation department
|circulation statistics
|high circulation
|circulation records
Synonyma
lending (A more general word; “circulation” is the standard technical term used in libraries.)
Antonyma
non-circulating (Describes items that cannot be borrowed, the opposite of items that are part of circulation.)
Témata
education
|administration
|core_vocabulary
Definice
In a library, the way books and other items are checked out and brought back, and how often this happens.
In a library, the process of lending items to users and receiving them back, or the level of such activity.
Gramatika
Slovníkový tvar
circulation
IPA
GB/sˈɚkjəlˌeɪʃən/
US/sˈɚkjəlˌeɪʃən/
Slabiky a přízvuk
cir - cu - la - tion (4 slabiky)
Stress on 1st syllable (cir)
Tvary slova
Noun
- Base: circulation
- Plural: circulation, circulations
Příbuzná slova
Výrazy
back in circulation
1/bˈæk ˈɪn sˈɚkjəlˌeɪʃən/
fixed phrase
available or active again
Used when something or someone becomes available or active again after some time away.
Příklady
- The book is now repaired and back in circulation.
- After a few quiet years, the singer is back in circulation with a new album.
- Old £5 notes will no longer be put back in circulation.
in circulation
1/ˈɪn sˈɚkjəlˌeɪʃən/
fixed phrase
available and being used or shared
Being used, shared, or moving around among people, or in an economy or system.
Příklady
- There are still a lot of old coins in circulation.
- The document is now in circulation among the board members.
- Several unconfirmed stories are already in circulation online.
mass circulation
1/mˈæs sˈɚkjəlˌeɪʃən/
fixed phrase
with very many copies sold
Used to describe newspapers or magazines that sell or give out a very large number of copies.
Příklady
- It’s a mass-circulation newspaper aimed at a broad audience.
- The scandal first appeared in a mass circulation tabloid.
- Serious journalism is not limited to small papers; many mass circulation titles also do quality reporting.
out of circulation
1/ˈaʊt əv sˈɚkjəlˌeɪʃən/
fixed phrase
not available or not active
Not being used or shared anymore, or not taking part in normal social or work activities for a time.
Příklady
- These notes have been out of circulation for over a decade.
- I’ve been out of circulation for a while because of my surgery.
- The book is temporarily out of circulation while it is being repaired.