sham
gb/ʃˈæm/ us/ʃˈæm/
B2
Angličtina
~ 9800
színjáték, átverés, ál-, színlelt, imposztor, képmutató, színlel, díszpárnahuzat
PODSTATNÉ JMÉNO
B2
1
Vzorec užití:
a sham [event/process/system]
Many voters felt the election was a sham designed to keep the same people in power.
Sok választó úgy érezte, hogy a választás csak színjáték volt, amelyet azért rendeztek meg, hogy ugyanazok az emberek maradjanak hatalmon.
The charity turned out to be a sham that existed only to collect people’s credit card numbers.
Kiderült, hogy a jótékonysági szervezet csak átverés volt, és valójában csak az emberek bankkártyaszámait gyűjtötte.
Once the documents were checked, the whole deal was exposed as a sham.
His apology was a sham, delivered only because the cameras were on.
Some critics called the peace talks a sham created for the evening news.
Učební příklady
The show was a sham and did not give real help to people.
Az egész műsor csak színjáték volt, és nem nyújtott valódi segítséget az embereknek.
She later learned that the company was a sham and had no real offices.
Később megtudta, hogy a cég csak átverés volt, és nem is voltak valódi irodái.
Their promise to cut prices was a sham to get more customers.
The meeting was a sham, because the decision was already made.
For him, the trial was a sham from the beginning.
Častá chyba:
Learners sometimes use "sham" to mean simply "bad" or "low quality." "Sham" should be used when something is false or dishonest, not just poorly done. For example, a badly organized but honest event is not a sham, but a fake event that only pretends to be real is a sham.
Význam
something false, fake, or dishonest
Kolokace
complete sham
|total sham
|sham election
|sham trial
|sham marriage
|the whole thing was a sham
Synonyma
fraud (Often stronger and more legal-sounding, suggesting criminal dishonesty.)
|
fake (More general and casual; can refer to objects, documents, or behavior.)
Antonyma
genuine article (Stresses that something is truly what it claims to be, not a sham.)
Témata
ethics
|law
|politics
|daily life
|core_vocabulary
|communication
Definice
Something that looks real or honest but is not real or honest.
Something that is made to appear genuine, serious, or honest but is actually false, insincere, or dishonest.
B2
2
Vzorec užití:
a sham [process/system/relationship]
Investigators uncovered a sham company set up to hide the profits.
A nyomozók feltártak egy, a nyereség eltitkolására létrehozott álcéget.
They entered into a sham marriage so he could get a visa.
Színlelt házasságot kötöttek, hogy vízumhoz jusson.
Critics described the vote as a sham election with only one real candidate.
The report called the consultation a sham process with a predetermined outcome.
Many citizens live under a sham democracy where the opposition has no real power.
Učební příklady
The two men had a sham marriage only to stay in the country.
A két férfi csak azért kötött színlelt házasságot, hogy az országban maradhassanak.
He worked for a sham company that sold fake products.
Egy álcégnél dolgozott, amely hamis termékeket árult.
Some people think the vote was a sham election.
They said it was a meeting, but it was a sham discussion.
The country has a sham democracy with no free press.
Častá chyba:
Learners sometimes use "sham" before any negative noun, but it should suggest falseness, not just poor quality. For example, "sham teacher" means a person who pretends to be a teacher, not simply a bad teacher.
Význam
fake or not genuine
Kolokace
sham marriage
|sham democracy
|sham company
|sham process
|sham deal
|sham consultation
Synonyma
bogus (Informal; strongly suggests something is obviously false or not legitimate.)
|
phony (Informal, especially American; often used for people or behavior that feels fake.)
Antonyma
genuine (Emphasizes that something is truly what it appears to be, the opposite of sham.)
Témata
ethics
|politics
|law
|core_vocabulary
|communication
Definice
Not real or honest, but made to look real or honest.
Describes something that is presented as real, serious, or legitimate but is actually false, insincere, or dishonest.
PODSTATNÉ JMÉNO
C1
3
Vzorec užití:
[someone] is a sham
Once the scandal broke, many of his followers realized he was a sham.
Miután kirobbant a botrány, sok követője rájött, hogy imposztor volt.
She felt like a sham giving advice she didn’t follow herself.
Képmutatónak érezte magát, amikor olyan tanácsot adott, amit ő maga sem követett.
The coach was exposed as a sham after lying about his qualifications.
Some employees quietly whispered that the new CEO was a sham.
When the truth came out, the famous "guru" was revealed as a sham.
Učební příklady
When people saw the facts, they said he was a sham.
Amikor az emberek megismerték a tényeket, azt mondták, hogy imposztor volt.
She felt like a sham because she smiled but was not happy inside.
Képmutatónak érezte magát, mert mosolygott, de belül nem volt boldog.
The man was a sham and had no medical training at all.
After the report, many thought the leader was a sham.
He is not a sham; he really has the skills he talks about.
Častá chyba:
Learners may confuse "sham" (a fake person) with "shame" (a bad feeling about doing something wrong). These words sound similar but have different meanings and spellings.
Význam
person who is a fraud
Kolokace
be a sham
|such a sham
|feel like a sham
|exposed as a sham
|revealed as a sham
Synonyma
impostor (Often used when someone takes a false identity or role, especially in a serious or criminal way.)
|
fraud (Common insult; suggests someone is completely insincere or fake in who they claim to be.)
Antonyma
the real deal (Informal; used to praise someone as genuinely talented or authentic, not a sham.)
Témata
character
|ethics
|insults
|relationships
|core_vocabulary
Definice
A person who is not what they say they are and only pretends.
A person who pretends to be something they are not, or to have abilities, feelings, or beliefs they do not truly have.
SLOVESO
C2
FORMAL
4
színlel
B2
Vzorec užití:
to sham [an illness/feeling/reaction]
He shammed illness to avoid taking the exam.
Betegséget színlelt, hogy ne kelljen vizsgáznia.
The defendant was accused of shamming memory loss during questioning.
A vádlottat azzal vádolták, hogy a kihallgatás alatt emlékezetkiesést színlelt.
She shammed surprise, though she had known the news for days.
Some athletes have been caught shamming injuries to break their contracts.
Učební příklady
He shammed a headache so he could go home early.
Fejfájást színlelt, hogy korábban hazamehessen.
The child shammed sleep when his parents walked into the room.
A gyerek alvást színlelt, amikor a szülei beléptek a szobába.
They said he shammed an injury to miss the game.
She shammed interest, but the topic was boring for her.
Častá chyba:
This verb is less common in modern speech, and learners usually use "pretend" or "fake" instead. Using "sham" as a verb in casual conversation can sound old-fashioned or overly formal.
Význam
to pretend or fake something
Kolokace
sham illness
|sham injury
|sham surprise
|sham interest
Synonyma
fake (Common and informal; used very widely for pretending feelings or states.)
|
pretend (Broader and more neutral; does not always imply intention to deceive.)
Antonyma
genuinely feel (Highlights truly experiencing a feeling instead of shamming it.)
Témata
emotions
|health
|ethics
|communication
|core_vocabulary
Definice
To act as if you feel or have something when it is not true.
To pretend to have a particular feeling, condition, or state, especially in order to deceive.
PODSTATNÉ JMÉNO
B2
5
Vzorec užití:
a [pillow/bed] sham
She bought new pillow shams to match the duvet cover.
Új díszpárnahuzatokat vett, hogy illjenek a paplanhuzathoz.
The hotel bed was piled high with decorative shams and cushions.
A szállodai ágyon rengeteg díszpárnahuzatos párna és díszpárna volt.
He pulled off the shams and extra pillows before going to sleep.
The set includes a comforter, two shams, and a fitted sheet.
They chose linen shams to give the room a relaxed, natural look.
Učební příklady
The bed has two blue shams and two white pillows.
Az ágyon két kék díszpárnahuzatos párna és két fehér párna van.
She washed the pillow shams and put them back on the bed.
Kimosta a díszpárnahuzatokat, és visszatette őket az ágyra.
He took off the shams and put them on the chair at night.
These shams make the bed look more beautiful.
Častá chyba:
Learners may not know that a "sham" in this sense is decorative and usually not used for sleeping. It is different from a normal pillowcase, which you rest your head on.
Význam
decorative cover for a pillow
Kolokace
pillow sham
|bed sham
|decorative sham
|embroidered sham
|matching shams
Synonyma
pillow cover (More general; does not always suggest decoration, just any cover for a pillow.)
Antonyma
plain pillowcase (A simple, everyday cover for sleeping, not mainly decorative.)
Témata
home
|daily life
|housing
|daily_life
Definice
A pretty cover that you put over a pillow on a bed, usually for decoration.
A decorative cover placed over a pillow, especially on a bed, often removed before sleeping.
Gramatika
Slovníkový tvar
sham
IPA
GB/ʃˈæm/
US/ʃˈæm/
Slabiky a přízvuk
sham (1 slabika)
Stress on 1st syllable (sham)
Tvary slova
Noun
- Base: sham
- Plural: sham
Verb
- Base: sham
- 3rd Person Singular: shams
- Present Participle: shamming
- Past: shammed
Příbuzná slova
Forms
shams
verb
shamming
verb
shammed
verb
Gramatické poznámky
- Irregular present participle: shamming Verb
- Irregular past: shammed Verb
Výrazy
a complete sham
1/ə kəmplˈit ʃˈæm/
fixed phrase
something totally false or dishonest
Something that is not real or honest in any way, even if it looks real.
Příklady
- The investigation was a complete sham, designed only to protect senior officials.
- He later admitted that the competition had been a complete sham from the start.
- For many employees, the meeting felt like a complete sham, since no one listened.
a sham marriage
1/ə ʃˈæm mˈɛɹɪd͡ʒ/
fixed phrase
marriage that is not genuine
A marriage that is only for papers, money, or another benefit, not for a real relationship.
Příklady
- They entered into a sham marriage so he could get permanent residency.
- The court ruled that the couple had engaged in a sham marriage to receive tax benefits.
- Officials are increasing checks to prevent sham marriages arranged by criminal groups.
a sham trial
1/ə ʃˈæm tɹˈaɪl/
fixed phrase
trial that is not fair or real
A trial that only looks like a real trial but is not fair, because the result is already decided.
Příklady
- Human rights groups called the hearing a sham trial with no independent judge.
- Many people saw the case as a sham trial used to silence political opponents.
- Observers left the courtroom, saying they refused to watch a sham trial.