deflation
gb/dɪflˈeɪʃən/ us/dɪflˈeɪʃən/
B2
Angličtina
Významy
0 významů
Podstatné jméno
business
C1
process
1
fall in overall prices
Deflation happens when prices across the economy go down, not just one or two items.
Vzorec užití:
deflation in [an economy]; a period/risk of deflation
Častá chyba:
Do not confuse deflation with disinflation: deflation means prices are falling overall; disinflation means prices are still rising but more slowly.
Synonyma
falling prices (plainer and less technical; may refer to a whole economy or just some goods)
|
price decline (more general; can describe a specific market rather than the whole economy)
Antonyma
inflation (a sustained rise in the general level of prices)
|
reflation (a return to rising prices, often encouraged by policy)
Kolokace
persistent deflation
|mild deflation
|severe deflation
|price deflation
|wage deflation
|asset-price deflation
|debt deflation
|risk of deflation
|fear of deflation
|period of deflation
Témata
economics
|business
|money
|prices
Příklady
- The central bank cut interest rates to prevent deflation.
- Years of weak demand pushed the economy into deflation.
- Deflation can make debts harder to repay because money becomes more valuable.
Učební příklady
- During deflation, many prices go down.
- Deflation can be bad for people who owe money.
Podstatné jméno
B2
process
2
loss of air or gas
Deflation is when air comes out of something and it becomes smaller, flatter, or softer.
Vzorec užití:
deflation of [a tire/balloon/airbag]; tire deflation
Častá chyba:
In casual speech, people more often say a tire or balloon is deflated than say deflation.
Synonyma
air loss (plain everyday wording, especially for tires and inflatable objects)
|
depressurization (more technical; emphasizes loss of pressure)
Antonyma
inflation (the act or process of filling something with air or gas)
|
pressurization (adding or maintaining pressure, especially in a technical context)
Kolokace
tire deflation
|balloon deflation
|rapid deflation
|slow deflation
|controlled deflation
|sudden deflation
|gradual deflation
|complete deflation
|deflation valve
|deflation warning
Témata
objects
|vehicles
|science
|daily_life
Příklady
- The device detects sudden tire deflation and warns the driver.
- After the party, the slow deflation of the balloons left them lying on the floor.
- Controlled deflation of the life jacket is done by pressing the valve.
Učební příklady
- The balloon's deflation was slow.
- The driver noticed tire deflation on the highway.
Podstatné jméno
formal
C1
process
3
loss of confidence or excitement
A deflation of feelings is a drop from excitement or confidence to disappointment.
Vzorec užití:
deflation of [hopes/confidence/ego]; deflation in [mood/enthusiasm]
Častá chyba:
The adjective deflated is much more common in everyday speech for a person who feels disappointed.
Synonyma
disappointment (more common and direct; focuses on the unhappy feeling)
|
discouragement (emphasizes loss of motivation or hope)
Antonyma
boost (an increase in confidence, mood, or energy)
|
encouragement (support that raises confidence or hope)
Kolokace
sudden deflation
|sharp deflation
|emotional deflation
|deflation of confidence
|deflation of hopes
|deflation of expectations
|deflation of pride
|deflation of the ego
|deflation of enthusiasm
|noticeable deflation
Témata
emotions
|communication
Příklady
- The missed penalty caused an immediate deflation of the crowd's excitement.
- After such strong early reviews, the poor opening weekend brought a sharp deflation of expectations.
- Her calm reply caused a visible deflation of his ego.
Učební příklady
- The bad news caused a deflation of their hopes.
- He felt a deflation of confidence after the mistake.
Podstatné jméno
technical
C2
process
4
wind removal of loose sediment
In geology, deflation is wind blowing away loose soil or sand.
Vzorec užití:
wind deflation; deflation of [sediment/soil/sand]
Častá chyba:
This technical use is unrelated to lower prices or disappointed feelings.
Synonyma
wind erosion (broader and more familiar; includes other ways wind wears away land)
|
aeolian erosion (technical term for erosion caused by wind)
Antonyma
deposition (the laying down or accumulation of sediment)
|
sedimentation (the process of particles settling and building up)
Kolokace
wind deflation
|aeolian deflation
|eolian deflation
|desert deflation
|deflation hollow
|deflation basin
|deflation surface
|deflation pavement
|sediment deflation
|soil deflation
Témata
geology
|environment
|deserts
|science
Příklady
- Wind deflation created shallow hollows in the desert surface.
- The stony pavement remained after deflation removed the finer sand.
- Researchers measured deflation of the dry lake bed during the windy season.
Učební příklady
- Deflation can remove sand from a desert surface.
Gramatika
Slovníkový tvar
deflation
IPA
GB/dɪflˈeɪʃən/
US/dɪflˈeɪʃən/
Slabiky a přízvuk
de - fla - tion (3 slabiky)
Stress on 2nd syllable (fla)
Tvary slova
Noun
- Base: deflation
- Plural: deflation, deflations
Výrazy
asset-price deflation
1/ˈæsˌɛt pɹˈaɪs dɪflˈeɪʃən/
fixed phrase
business
falling asset values
Asset-price deflation is when investments like homes or stocks lose value across a market.
Příklady
- The housing crash led to severe asset-price deflation.
- Asset-price deflation reduced household wealth and made consumers more cautious.
- Analysts worried that falling share prices could turn into broader asset-price deflation.
debt deflation
1/dˈɛt dɪflˈeɪʃən/
fixed phrase
technical
falling prices worsen debt
Debt deflation happens when falling prices make existing debts harder to repay.
Příklady
- The financial crisis raised fears of debt deflation.
- Debt deflation can force households and businesses to sell assets at falling prices.
- Some economists argue that debt deflation made the downturn longer and more severe.
deflationary pressure
1/dɪflˈeɪʃənˌɛɹi pɹˈɛʃɚ/
fixed phrase
business
forces pushing prices down
Deflationary pressure means something in the economy is pushing prices down.
Příklady
- Lower energy costs added deflationary pressure to the economy.
- Weak consumer demand created deflationary pressures in the retail sector.
- The central bank said it was watching for signs of deflationary pressure.
deflationary spiral
1/dɪflˈeɪʃənˌɛɹi spˈaɪɹəl/
fixed phrase
business
self-reinforcing price decline
A deflationary spiral is when falling prices make the economy weaker and prices keep falling.
Příklady
- Policymakers acted quickly to stop the recession from becoming a deflationary spiral.
- Consumers delayed purchases because they expected lower prices, increasing the risk of a deflationary spiral.
- A deflationary spiral can be difficult to reverse once wages and spending start to fall.
grade deflation
1/ɡɹˈeɪd dɪflˈeɪʃən/
fixed phrase
stricter grading and lower marks
Grade deflation means students receive lower grades because standards or grading are stricter.
Příklady
- Students complained that grade deflation in the department hurt their graduate-school applications.
- The policy was meant to fight grade inflation, but critics said it created grade deflation.
- Some universities publish grading data to show whether grade deflation is a real problem.
wage deflation
1/wˈeɪd͡ʒ dɪflˈeɪʃən/
fixed phrase
business
falling pay levels
Wage deflation means pay levels are going down.
Příklady
- High unemployment created wage deflation in parts of the service sector.
- The company avoided layoffs, but workers faced wage deflation through pay cuts and fewer paid hours.
- Economists warned that wage deflation would reduce consumer spending.