hypothesis
gb/haɪpˈɑθəsəs/ us/haɪpˈɑθəsəs/
B2
Angličtina
~ 8700
Významy
0 významů
Podstatné jméno
formal
B2
entity
1
proposed explanation to be tested
An idea that tries to explain something and can be tested to see if it is true or false.
Vzorec užití:
a hypothesis that [clause]
Častá chyba:
Learners often confuse 'hypothesis' with 'theory' or 'guess'. A hypothesis is more careful and must be testable. Also note the plural: one hypothesis, two hypotheses (not *hypothesises*). After 'a hypothesis that', use a full clause: 'a hypothesis that stress affects sleep', not 'a hypothesis that stress affecting sleep'.
Synonyma
theory (Often used in everyday speech for any explanation, but in science a theory is usually broader and better supported than a single hypothesis.)
Antonyma
fact (A fact is something known or proven to be true, while a hypothesis is only a possible explanation that still needs to be tested.)
Kolokace
formulate a hypothesis
|test a hypothesis
|confirm a hypothesis
|reject a hypothesis
|scientific hypothesis
|develop a hypothesis
Témata
science
|research
|education
Příklady
- The researchers proposed a new hypothesis that climate change is affecting local bird migration patterns.
- According to their hypothesis, the drug should reduce symptoms within twenty-four hours.
- The experiment was designed specifically to test this hypothesis about plant growth and light levels.
- If the data do not support the hypothesis, the scientists will have to revise their explanation.
- Her hypothesis offers a clear, testable explanation for why some students learn languages more quickly than others.
Učební příklady
- Their hypothesis is that stress makes people eat more.
- We did an experiment to test our hypothesis about how fast metal rusts.
- If the results do not match the hypothesis, we must change it.
- The teacher asked each group to write one clear hypothesis.
- Our hypothesis was wrong, but we learned a lot from the test.
unknown
formal
C1
entity
2
assumption used for argument
An idea that you accept for now, so you can think, talk, or write about its results, even if you are not sure it is true.
Vzorec užití:
a hypothesis about [something]
Častá chyba:
Learners sometimes use 'hypothesis' when they mean 'opinion' or 'belief'. A hypothesis is usually more careful and is used in formal writing, research, or logical argument, not for everyday personal likes or dislikes.
Synonyma
assumption (Often a simpler word; an assumption may be less formal and not necessarily about explaining something, while a hypothesis usually suggests a more structured, reasoned starting point.)
Antonyma
conclusion (A conclusion is a final judgment after thinking or studying, while a hypothesis is a starting idea before the final judgment is made.)
Kolokace
a hypothesis about human behavior
|a hypothesis about the cause
|under this hypothesis
|a working hypothesis
|competing hypotheses
Témata
logic
|discussion
|research
|communication
|education
Příklady
- One hypothesis about the decline of the empire is that internal corruption played a greater role than foreign invasion.
- The lawyer built her case on the hypothesis that the contract was signed under pressure.
- Working under the hypothesis that consumers value convenience over price, the team redesigned the app.
- Several hypotheses have been proposed about why the policy failed, but none has been fully tested.
- The book is organized around the central hypothesis that technology changes culture faster than laws can adapt.
Učební příklady
- The writer gives a hypothesis about why people move to big cities.
- We started with a simple hypothesis about what customers want.
- Their main hypothesis in the report is that the law was not fair.
- Under this hypothesis, small changes can have big results.
- Different historians have different hypotheses about this event.
Podstatné jméno
technical
C1
entity
3
statement tested in statistics
In statistics, a clear sentence about numbers in a whole group, which you test with data to see if it seems true or not.
Vzorec užití:
the hypothesis that [clause]
Častá chyba:
Learners sometimes think 'reject the hypothesis' means it is absolutely false. In statistics, rejecting or failing to reject a hypothesis is based on probability and sample data, not on complete certainty.
Synonyma
assumption (In statistics, a hypothesis functions like a formal assumption about a population, but it is specifically set up to be tested and possibly rejected.)
Antonyma
result (A result is what you obtain after testing a statistical hypothesis, while the hypothesis is the statement you test before seeing the outcome.)
Kolokace
null hypothesis
|alternative hypothesis
|hypothesis testing
|reject the hypothesis
|fail to reject the hypothesis
|test the hypothesis
Témata
statistics
|science
|mathematics
|education
Příklady
- The null hypothesis states that there is no difference between the two treatment groups.
- After analyzing the data, the researchers rejected the hypothesis at the 5% significance level.
- In this course, you will learn how to formulate a hypothesis and choose the right statistical test.
- The hypothesis that the mean income is equal to $50,000 could not be rejected based on the sample.
- Hypothesis testing allows us to decide, with quantified uncertainty, whether to accept or reject a claim about a population.
Učební příklady
- In statistics, we often start with a null hypothesis.
- We used a t-test to check our hypothesis about the mean score.
- The computer helps us decide if we should reject the hypothesis.
- Their hypothesis in the study was that the average age is 30.
- You must write your hypothesis clearly before you collect data.
Gramatika
Slovníkový tvar
hypothesis
IPA
GB/haɪpˈɑθəsəs/
US/haɪpˈɑθəsəs/
Slabiky a přízvuk
hy - po - thes - is (4 slabiky)
Stress on 2nd syllable (po)
Tvary slova
Noun
- Base: hypothesis
- Plural: hypotheses
Příbuzná slova
Výrazy
hypothesis testing
1/haɪpˈɑθəsəs tˈɛstɪŋ/
fixed phrase
technical
statistical testing of hypotheses
A set of statistical steps you use to decide, with data, whether a hypothesis is likely or unlikely.
Příklady
- This chapter introduces basic methods of hypothesis testing in psychology.
- Modern software makes hypothesis testing faster, but you still need to choose the right test.
- Hypothesis testing helps researchers avoid jumping to conclusions from random variation.
null hypothesis
1/nˈʌl haɪpˈɑθəsəs/
fixed phrase
technical
default 'no effect' assumption
In statistics, the basic idea that there is no real effect or difference, which we try to test with data.
Příklady
- The null hypothesis was that the new drug has no effect on blood pressure.
- If the p-value is small, we reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative.
- Students often confuse the null hypothesis with the research hypothesis in their first statistics class.
under the hypothesis that
1/ˈʌndɚ ðə haɪpˈɑθəsəs ðˈæt/
fixed phrase
formal
assuming a hypothesis is true
Used to say that you are thinking or calculating as if a certain hypothesis were true.
Příklady
- Under the hypothesis that demand will rise, the company plans to increase production by 20%.
- The model is built under the hypothesis that all markets are perfectly competitive.
- Under the hypothesis that the defendant acted alone, the timeline is difficult to explain.
working hypothesis
1/wˈɚkɪŋ haɪpˈɑθəsəs/
fixed phrase
formal
temporary guiding explanation
A guess or explanation that you use for now to guide your work, even though you may change it later.
Příklady
- Their working hypothesis is that the problem comes from a software bug, not from the hardware.
- As a working hypothesis, we assume that customers prefer speed over extra features.
- This is only a working hypothesis, and we will adjust it as we collect more data.