polarization
gb/pˌoʊlɚɪzˈeɪʃən/ us/pˌoʊlɚɪzˈeɪʃən/
C1
Angličtina
Významy
0 významů
Podstatné jméno
C1
process
1
sharp social division
a situation in which people become divided into two very different and opposing groups or opinions
Vzorec užití:
polarization between [groups]; polarization over [issue]; the polarization of [society/opinion]
Častá chyba:
It is stronger than ordinary disagreement; it suggests a deep split into opposing sides. British English also spells it polarisation.
Synonyma
division (broader and more general; does not always imply two strongly opposed sides)
|
split (simpler and more informal; may refer to one specific break)
|
partisanship (mainly political; emphasizes loyalty to a party or side)
Antonyma
consensus (agreement instead of sharp opposition)
|
unity (being joined together rather than divided)
|
common ground (shared views or interests between opposing sides)
Kolokace
political polarization
|social polarization
|partisan polarization
|increasing polarization
|deep polarization
|growing polarization
|ideological polarization
|public polarization
|polarization over an issue
|media polarization
Témata
politics
|society
|media
|conflict
Příklady
- The election exposed the deep polarization between urban and rural voters.
- Social media is often blamed for increasing polarization over public-health issues.
- Leaders from both parties promised to reduce polarization, but the debate became even more bitter.
Učební příklady
- There is strong polarization in the country.
- The issue caused polarization among voters.
Podstatné jméno
technical
C2
state
2
oriented light waves
a property of light or other waves in which their vibrations line up in a particular direction
Vzorec užití:
the polarization of [light/waves]; [linear/circular] polarization
Častá chyba:
In everyday products, this is why some sunglasses or filters reduce glare; the lenses are usually called polarized lenses, not polarization lenses.
Synonyma
orientation (less precise; refers generally to direction or position)
|
wave alignment (descriptive term rather than the standard technical term)
Antonyma
depolarization (the reduction or removal of polarization)
|
unpolarized light (light whose vibrations are not restricted to one plane or direction)
Kolokace
light polarization
|optical polarization
|linear polarization
|circular polarization
|polarization state
|polarization direction
|polarization angle
|polarization filter
|the polarization of light
|polarized light
Témata
physics
|optics
|photography
|technology
Příklady
- The sunglasses reduce glare by taking advantage of the polarization of reflected light.
- Scientists measured the polarization of radio waves from the distant galaxy.
- A polarizing filter changes the brightness depending on the light's polarization.
Učební příklady
- Polarization helps sunglasses block glare.
- The screen uses polarization to control light.
Podstatné jméno
technical
C2
process
3
separation of electric charge
when electric charges in a substance move or line up so that one side becomes more positive and another side more negative
Vzorec užití:
the polarization of [a material/molecule/electrode]; [dielectric/electrode/molecular] polarization
Častá chyba:
Do not use it simply to mean electricity; it refers specifically to charge separation or alignment.
Synonyma
charge separation (clearer and more descriptive, but less broad technically)
|
dipole alignment (more specific; emphasizes aligned positive-negative pairs)
Antonyma
depolarization (loss, reduction, or reversal of polarization)
|
charge neutralization (removal of separated charge by balancing positive and negative charges)
Kolokace
electric polarization
|dielectric polarization
|molecular polarization
|electrode polarization
|charge polarization
|interfacial polarization
|polarization charge
|polarization current
|membrane polarization
|polarization effect
Témata
physics
|chemistry
|electronics
|materials
Příklady
- The sensor works by detecting polarization in a thin dielectric layer.
- Water molecules show polarization because their charges are not evenly distributed.
- Electrode polarization can affect the accuracy of some electrochemical measurements.
Učební příklady
- Polarization can happen inside a material.
- The battery test was affected by electrode polarization.
Gramatika
Slovníkový tvar
polarization
IPA
GB/pˌoʊlɚɪzˈeɪʃən/
US/pˌoʊlɚɪzˈeɪʃən/
Slabiky a přízvuk
po - lar - iz - a - tion (5 slabik)
Stress on 3rd syllable (iz)
Tvary slova
Noun
- Base: polarization
- Plural: polarization, polarizations
Výrazy
affective polarization
1/əfˈɛktɪv pˌoʊlɚɪzˈeɪʃən/
fixed phrase
technical
hostility toward political opponents
political division based on dislike or distrust of the other side, not only disagreement about ideas
Příklady
- The study measured affective polarization by asking voters how warmly they felt toward each party.
- Affective polarization can make people avoid friendships with supporters of the other side.
- Campaigns that insult opponents may increase affective polarization.
circular polarization
1/sˈɚkjəlɚ pˌoʊlɚɪzˈeɪʃən/
fixed phrase
technical
rotating wave orientation
a type of polarization where the wave's direction turns around in a circle as it moves
Příklady
- Some satellite systems use circular polarization to reduce signal problems caused by orientation.
- The 3D glasses separate images using opposite circular polarization.
- The instrument can detect both left-hand and right-hand circular polarization.
dielectric polarization
1/dˌaɪɪlˈɛktɹɪk pˌoʊlɚɪzˈeɪʃən/
fixed phrase
technical
charge shift in insulator
when charges inside an insulating material shift slightly because of an electric field
Příklady
- Dielectric polarization allows a capacitor to store more energy.
- The material's dielectric polarization changes at high frequencies.
- Engineers modeled dielectric polarization in the ceramic layer.
group polarization
1/ɡɹˈup pˌoʊlɚɪzˈeɪʃən/
fixed phrase
technical
groups becoming more extreme
when people in a group become more extreme after talking mostly with people who agree with them
Příklady
- Online forums can create group polarization when users mostly hear from people who agree with them.
- After the meeting, group polarization made the committee support a riskier plan than any member had first proposed.
- Researchers studied group polarization in discussions about climate policy.
income polarization
1/ˈɪŋkˌʌm pˌoʊlɚɪzˈeɪʃən/
fixed phrase
formal
split between income groups
a situation where more people are rich or poor and fewer people are in the middle
Příklady
- The city has experienced income polarization as housing costs have risen.
- Income polarization is often visible in neighborhoods with luxury apartments next to areas of poverty.
- Economists debated whether tax policy had contributed to income polarization.
job polarization
1/d͡ʒˈɑb pˌoʊlɚɪzˈeɪʃən/
fixed phrase
business
growth at job extremes
a change in the job market where jobs in the middle decrease and jobs at the high and low ends increase
Příklady
- Automation has been linked to job polarization in many advanced economies.
- Job polarization can reduce opportunities for workers without a college degree.
- The report describes job polarization as middle-skill office and factory jobs decline.
linear polarization
1/lˈɪniɚ pˌoʊlɚɪzˈeɪʃən/
fixed phrase
technical
waves in one plane
a type of polarization where the wave vibrates in one straight plane
Příklady
- The antenna is designed for vertical linear polarization.
- A simple polarizing filter produces linear polarization in transmitted light.
- The experiment compared linear polarization with circular polarization.
political polarization
1/pəlˈɪtɪkəl pˌoʊlɚɪzˈeɪʃən/
fixed phrase
division into political camps
a deep division between people with different political views
Příklady
- Political polarization has made compromise in Congress harder.
- The survey found high levels of political polarization among younger voters.
- Some analysts argue that local news can reduce political polarization.