Verbs and tense B1 B2

Causative and permissive structures

Show that someone causes, lets, helps, or arranges an action with make, let, help, have, and get.

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図解ガイド

Causative and permissive structures: controller → doer → action

CONTROL MODEL

[controller]
(the one that causes/allows/arranges)
      │
      │  make = force/cause
      │  let  = allow
      │  help = assist
      │  have/get = arrange
      ▼
[doer] ──> [action]

Action form after the doer:
make / let / have  → action word (no to)
get                → to + action word
help               → action word OR to + action word

The noise made me jump.
My parents let me use the car.
I got Sam to check the numbers.

If the doer is not named:
[controller] --have/get--> [thing] --done-form--> [result]
He had his hair cut.

Think controller → doer → action; the control word decides the meaning and whether you use to.

Introduction

Causing, allowing, helping, arranging

Causative and permissive structures show that one person, event, or situation makes another action happen, allows it, helps it happen, or arranges it. The grammar is useful because the real doer of the action is not always the subject. In The noise made me jump, the noise is the cause and I do the jumping. In My parents let me use the car, they give permission and I use the car. These structures are common in daily English, especially with make, let, help, have, and get.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

The noise made me jump.

Make shows that the noise caused an involuntary action.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The noise

cause

the thing that causes the reaction

made me jump

causative_relation

make plus object plus base verb shows a caused reaction

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

My parents let me use the car.

Let shows that permission was given.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

My parents

permission_giver

the people who give permission

let me use the car

permission_frame

let plus object plus base verb shows permission

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core logic

The four roles

Think of the sentence as four roles: influencer, relation, actor or affected thing, action/result. The relation verb tells us the kind of control: make means cause or force, let means permit, help means assist, have means assign or arrange, and get means persuade or arrange. In I got Sam to check the numbers, I arranged or persuaded, Sam did the checking, and check the numbers is the action. In She helped her brother carry the boxes, she assisted; her brother still carried them. First identify who starts the action, then who actually does or receives it.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

I got Sam to check the numbers.

Get someone to do something often suggests effort, persuasion, or successful arrangement.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

arranger

the person who arranged or persuaded

got Sam to check the numbers

get_person_to_action

get plus person plus to-infinitive shows persuasion or arrangement

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

She helped her brother carry the boxes.

The helper assists, but the brother still performs the carrying.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

She

helper

the person who assists

helped her brother carry the boxes

help_person_action

help plus object plus base verb shows assistance

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core pattern

Make, let, and help

With make, let, and help, the next action is usually a base verb, not to plus verb. Use make someone do something for strong cause, pressure, or an unavoidable result: The film made her cry. Use let someone do something for permission or non-interference: They did not let us enter. Use help someone do something for assistance: Can you help me move this table? Help is flexible, so help someone to do something is also correct and a little more explicit: Can you help me to move this table?

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

The film made her cry.

Use the base verb after active make.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The film

cause

the cause of the emotion

made her cry

make_person_action

make plus object plus base verb shows a caused reaction

ひとまとまりで覚える

Negative 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

They did not let us enter.

Negatives go on let, while enter stays in base form.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

did not let us enter

permission_denial

negative let shows refused permission

ひとまとまりで覚える

Question 文法：B1 語彙：A1 Neutral

Can you help me move this table?

Help can be followed by a base verb.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Can you help me move this table

request_frame

a common question frame with help plus object plus base verb

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A1 Neutral

Can you help me to move this table?

With help, to is optional and often slightly more explicit.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Can you help me to move this table

request_frame_with_to

the same help frame with optional to

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core pattern

Have and get for arrangements

Have and get often mean arranging an action, but their forms differ. Have someone do something means you assign, request, or organize the action: I had the assistant book the flights. Get someone to do something often suggests persuasion, effort, or successful arrangement: We got the landlord to repair the heater. For services and results, use have or get plus thing plus past participle. The person who does the work may be unknown or unimportant: He had his hair cut. She got her phone fixed yesterday. This pattern focuses on the result, not the worker.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

I had the assistant book the flights.

Have someone do something is useful for assigning or arranging work.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

assigner

the person who assigns or organizes the task

had the assistant book the flights

have_person_action

have plus person plus base verb shows assignment or arrangement

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

We got the landlord to repair the heater.

Get someone to do something uses to before the action verb.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

arrangers

the people who arranged or persuaded

got the landlord to repair the heater

get_person_to_action

get plus person plus to-infinitive shows successful arrangement

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A1 Neutral

He had his hair cut.

The sentence focuses on the service result, not the person cutting the hair.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

service_receiver

the person who receives the service result

had his hair cut

have_thing_done

have plus thing plus past participle shows an arranged service

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

She got her phone fixed yesterday.

Get something done is common in everyday speech for repairs and services.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

She

arranger

the person who arranged the service

got her phone fixed

get_thing_done

get plus thing plus past participle shows an arranged result

ひとまとまりで覚える

yesterday

time

when the arrangement happened

Sentence xray

Sentence X-ray

Sentence X-ray helps you see the moving parts. The storm made us cancel the picnic breaks into The storm, made us, cancel the picnic. The core learning chunk is made us cancel: a cause pushed people into an action, so cancel stays a base verb. We got the printer repaired breaks into We, got the printer, repaired. The core chunk is got the printer repaired: we arranged a repair, and repaired is a past participle because the printer received the action. In these frames, do not change the second verb for tense; tense belongs to made or got.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

The storm made us cancel the picnic.

The subject is the cause; us are the people who cancel.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The storm

cause

the outside cause

made us cancel the picnic

caused_people_action

make plus object plus base verb shows cause

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

We got the printer repaired.

The printer receives the repair; the repairer is not named.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

arranger

the people who arranged the repair

got the printer repaired

get_thing_done

get plus thing plus past participle shows arranged result

ひとまとまりで覚える

Contrast

Do it yourself or arrange it?

The closest confusion is between doing an action yourself and arranging for it to be done. I washed the car means I did the washing. I had the car washed means someone else probably washed it for me, and I organized the service. A second important contrast is permission versus pressure. They let me leave early means they allowed it. They made me leave early means they required it or caused it. Let usually feels like an open door; make feels like a push. Choose the verb that matches the relationship, not just the final action.

Contrast 文法：B1 語彙：A1 Neutral

I washed the car.

This is direct action, not a causative service arrangement.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

washed the car

direct_action

the subject did the action directly

ひとまとまりで覚える

Contrast 文法：B1 語彙：A1 Neutral

I had the car washed.

The subject arranged the washing; someone else probably did it.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

had the car washed

service_arrangement

have plus thing plus past participle shows arranged service

ひとまとまりで覚える

Contrast 文法：B1 語彙：A1 Neutral

They let me leave early.

Let means I was allowed to leave.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

let me leave early

permission

let shows permission

ひとまとまりで覚える

Contrast 文法：B1 語彙：A1 Neutral

They made me leave early.

Make means they required it or caused it.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

made me leave early

pressure_or_cause

make shows pressure, requirement, or cause

ひとまとまりで覚える

Form variations

Tense, negatives, questions, passives

Only the first verb carries tense, negatives, questions, and modals. The action after make, let, have, and usually help stays in base form; the action after get someone is to plus base verb; the service/result pattern uses a past participle. In negative and question forms, place the auxiliary before the causative verb, and keep the inner pattern unchanged. In passive forms, there are two practical notes: active make someone do something becomes be made to do something, with to returning; passive let is normally replaced by be allowed to. This avoids awkward forms such as was let to.

Danger zone

Danger zone: mixed patterns

Common errors come from mixing the patterns. Mistake: She made me to wait. Corrected: She made me wait. After active make, use object plus base verb. Do not copy the get pattern into make, let, or have. Also do not use a base verb after get someone when the meaning is persuade or arrange; use to plus base verb. With have or get plus thing plus past participle, check that the thing receives the action. Had the report checked is different from had the assistant check the report: one focuses on the report, the other names the worker.

Mistake 文法：B1 語彙：A1 Neutral

She made me to wait.

After active make, do not use to before the action verb.

Corrected 文法：B1 語彙：A1 Neutral

She made me wait.

The corrected sentence uses the base verb wait after made me.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

made me wait

correct_make_pattern

make plus object plus base verb is the correct active pattern

ひとまとまりで覚える

Summary

Quick choice guide

Quick choice guide: use make when a cause, rule, or person pushes an action; use let when permission is given; use help when someone supports the action; use have someone do something when you assign or arrange work; use get someone to do something when persuasion or effort is involved; use have or get something done when the object receives a service or result. The key memory point is form control: make, let, have, and help usually take a base verb; get someone takes to; service causatives take a past participle.

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Causative and permissive structures

Causative and permissive structures: controller → doer → action

Causing, allowing, helping, arranging

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

The four roles

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Make, let, and help

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Have and get for arrangements

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Sentence X-ray

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Do it yourself or arrange it?

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Tense, negatives, questions, passives

Danger zone: mixed patterns

意味のかたまり

Quick choice guide

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