Actor / Source Subject Agent Causer Who or what starts the event? The participant that acts, causes, initiates, controls, or is presented as the source of an event. core basic Scene core
Action / Event Verb Predicate Event What happens? What does someone do? The central happening, action, change, process, movement, creation, perception, or relation around which the sentence is built. core basic Scene core
Target / Affected One Object Patient Theme Direct object Who or what is affected by the event? The participant that receives the action, changes, is moved, is created, is consumed, or is otherwise affected. core basic Scene core
Thing / Participant Noun Noun phrase Pronoun Who or what are we talking about? Any person, object, animal, place, idea, event, or phenomenon that can take part in a thought. core basic Scene core
State / Existence Stative predicate Existential Copula Predicate adjective What exists or what state is it in? A non-dynamic situation: being somewhere, existing, having a property, remaining in a condition, or being linked to a description. core basic Scene core
Identity / Classification Copular clause Predicate nominal Classification What is it? Who is who? A relation that identifies, names, classifies, or equates one participant with another role, class, or label. core basic Scene core
Theme / What We Say Something About Subject Topic Theme What is the statement about? The participant or idea that the sentence is mainly about, even if it is not actively doing anything. core basic Scene core
Recipient / Beneficiary Indirect object Recipient Benefactive Dative To whom or for whose benefit does it happen? The participant who receives something, gets a result, benefits from an action, or is the intended receiver. extended intermediate Scene core
Experiencer / Perceiver Experiencer Dative subject Psychological subject Who feels, sees, knows, likes, or experiences it? The participant that has an internal experience: perception, emotion, thought, desire, pain, knowledge, or preference. extended intermediate Scene core
Instrument / Mediator Instrumental Instrument Means With what or through what does it happen? The tool, medium, body part, system, channel, or mediator used to perform or transmit the action. extended intermediate Scene core
Time Point / Time Span Time adverbial Temporal phrase When does it happen? The time location of an event or state: a point, period, date, moment, duration, or time frame. core basic Context
Time Direction / Tense Tense Temporal reference Is it in the past, present, or future? The event's direction relative to the speaker's 'now': before, at, after, or relative to another reference time. core basic Context
Place / Location Locative Place adverbial Where is it or where does it happen? The spatial location of a participant, state, or event. core basic Context
Direction / Goal Place Allative Goal Directional phrase Where to or which way? The endpoint or direction of movement, change, attention, transfer, or intention. core basic Context
Event Shape / Aspect Aspect Aktionsart Perfect Progressive Is it ongoing, completed, habitual, repeated, or just starting? The internal time shape of an event: in progress, finished, repeated, habitual, started, continued, or result-focused. booster intermediate Context
Frequency / Repetition Frequency adverbial Habitual aspect How often does it happen? How many times or how regularly an event happens: once, often, always, never, repeatedly, usually, sometimes. core basic Context
Source / Origin Ablative Source Origin Where from? The starting point of movement, transfer, information, origin, cause, or separation. extended intermediate Context
Path / Route Path phrase Perlative Route Through where or along which path? The route, passage, medium, or spatial path through which movement, perception, or transmission takes place. extended intermediate Context
