Nouns and determiners B1 B2

Determiners for sets and choices

Choose each, every, all, both, either, neither, no, none, another, and other to define sets and choices.

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図解ガイド

The set lens: choose the view

Picture the things first.

[ SET ]
  │
  ├─ whole view
  │    all = 100%      both = 100% of 2
  │
  ├─ one-by-one view
  │    every = full scan
  │    each = individual focus
  │
  ├─ 2-choice switch
  │    either = one OK
  │    neither = zero OK
  │    Either door is fine.
  │    Neither door is open.
  │
  ├─ empty view
  │    no + noun
  │    none of + known set
  │    No seats are free.
  │    None of the seats are free.
  │
  └─ next / rest view
       another = one more
       other = different/rest
       the other = remaining one

Start with the set, then choose the view: whole, one-by-one, two-choice, empty, or next/rest.

Introduction

Choose the size and the choice

Determiners for sets and choices tell the listener how many members of a group you mean and what kind of choice you are making. They can include a whole group, separate its members, choose one of two, reject two, or point to more/different items. “Both doors are locked” treats two doors as a complete pair. “Either door is fine” accepts one choice from two. “Neither door is open” rejects both choices. The same logic also explains no and none, and the difference between another, other, and the other.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

Both doors are locked.

Both means the two items together.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Both doors

set_determiner

Marks the complete set of two doors.

ひとまとまりで覚える

are locked

predicate

Uses a plural verb because both refers to two items.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

Either door is fine.

Either points to one of two possible choices.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Either door

choice_determiner

Means one door or the other door; both choices are acceptable.

ひとまとまりで覚える

is fine

evaluation

Uses a singular verb because either looks at one choice.

Negative 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

Neither door is open.

Neither excludes both choices and does not need another negative word.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Neither door

negative_choice_determiner

Means not one door and not the other door.

ひとまとまりで覚える

is open

state

Uses a singular verb because neither looks at one choice at a time.

Core logic

The three-step set logic

Build the meaning in three steps. First, define the set: two items, many items, or an amount. Second, choose the view: the whole set, one member at a time, one possible choice, or zero members. Third, choose the form. Determiners stand before a noun; pronouns replace the noun. Use no before a noun: “No seats are free.” Use none alone or with of: “None of the seats are free.” In of-phrases, the group must already be known, so each of, either of, neither of, both of, all of, and none of normally point to specific people or things.

Negative 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

No seats are free.

Use no before a noun to make a zero set.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

No seats

zero_set_determiner

No stands directly before the noun to mean zero seats.

ひとまとまりで覚える

are free

state

The plural verb agrees with the plural noun seats.

Negative 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

None of the seats are free.

Use none when the noun is not directly after the determiner.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

None of the seats

zero_set_pronoun_phrase

None replaces no seats and connects to a specific known group with of.

ひとまとまりで覚える

are free

state

A plural verb is common when the meaning is several countable seats.

Cognitive metaphor

Wide angle, scanner, zoom

Think of a camera lens. All is the wide-angle lens: “All the guests arrived early.” Every is a scanner that checks the complete list: “Every guest signed in.” Each is a zoom lens that pauses on one member: “Each guest received a name badge.” The result may be the same, but the focus changes. This metaphor also explains form: every and each normally look at one member, so they take a singular noun and a singular verb. All looks at the group or amount, so it usually combines with plural or uncountable nouns.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

All the guests arrived early.

All gives a wide-angle view of the complete group.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

All the guests

whole_group_determiner

Shows the complete group as one whole set.

ひとまとまりで覚える

arrived early

event

States what happened to the whole group.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

Every guest signed in.

Every stresses that the list is complete and nobody is excluded.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Every guest

complete_individual_scan

Checks the complete group one member at a time.

ひとまとまりで覚える

signed in

event

Uses a singular noun and singular meaning after every.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

Each guest received a name badge.

Each highlights individual members inside a complete set.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Each guest

individual_member_determiner

Focuses on guests separately, one by one.

ひとまとまりで覚える

received a name badge

result

Shows the result for every separate member.

Core pattern

Full-set patterns

Use each + singular count noun when the individual item matters. Use every + singular count noun for a complete group or a repeated point in a schedule: “We meet every Friday.” Use all + plural or uncountable noun for the whole group or amount: “All the information is online.” Use both + plural noun for exactly two. With object pronouns, use of: both of us, all of them, each of them. Before a specific noun phrase, all and both can use of or omit it: all (of) the files, both (of) my sisters. Each, either, neither, and none need of before a specific plural group.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A1 Neutral

We meet every Friday.

Every is common with days and other repeated times.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

every Friday

repeated_time_chunk

Every can mark repeated points in a schedule.

ひとまとまりで覚える

We meet

event

Names the repeated action.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

All the information is online.

All can combine with uncountable nouns.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

All the information

whole_amount_determiner

All can describe a complete uncountable amount.

ひとまとまりで覚える

is online

location_state

Uses a singular verb because information is uncountable.

Contrast

Each, every, and all are not the same

Each, every, and all can describe the same real group, but they package it differently. Each separates the members; every stresses complete coverage; all treats the group together. This is why “She wore a ring on each hand” sounds natural: there are two hands, and we look at them separately. Use every, not all, before a singular count noun; use all, not every, before a plural noun. Do not put every directly before of. Common mistake: “Every of the rooms is clean.” Corrected: “Every room is clean.” When you need of, use every one of the rooms.

Contrast 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

She wore a ring on each hand.

Each is natural for two items when you focus on them separately.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

on each hand

individual_distribution

Looks at the two hands separately.

ひとまとまりで覚える

She wore a ring

main_clause

States what was distributed to the separate members.

Mistake 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

Every of the rooms is clean.

Every cannot go directly before of.

Corrected 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

Every room is clean.

Use every + singular noun, or use every one of before a specific group.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Every room

complete_group_determiner

Uses every directly before a singular count noun.

ひとまとまりで覚える

is clean

state

Uses a singular verb after every + singular noun.

Core pattern

Two choices and zero choices

Both includes two; either chooses one from two; neither excludes both. In questions, either is common when both choices are acceptable: “Would either window seat be okay?” In negatives, use not + either, not neither. Common mistake: “I don't want neither option.” Corrected: “I don't want either option.” Without another negative, neither is correct: “I want neither option.” For larger zero sets, use no before the noun and none when the noun is understood or followed by of. After neither of, a singular verb is the safe formal choice. After none of, singular or plural is possible with plural count nouns, but singular is needed for uncountable amounts.

Question 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

Would either window seat be okay?

Either is common in questions about two possible choices.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Would either window seat be okay

either_question_frame

Asks whether one or the other of two seats is acceptable.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Mistake 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

I don't want neither option.

Do not use neither together with another negative in standard English.

Corrected 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

I don't want either option.

In a negative clause, either is the standard choice.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

don't want either option

negative_either_frame

Uses not + either to reject both choices.

ひとまとまりで覚える

subject

Names the person making the choice.

Corrected 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

I want neither option.

Neither already carries the negative meaning, so no extra negative is needed.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

neither option

neither_without_extra_negative

Rejects both choices without using not.

ひとまとまりで覚える

I want

preference_frame

States the choice being made.

Form variations

Another, other, the other

Another means one more or one different of the same type, and it normally takes a singular count noun: “Can I have another cup?” Other points to different or additional people or things: “Other people may disagree.” A singular count noun usually needs a determiner, so say another question, the other question, or some other question, not just other question in normal sentences. The other means the remaining one in a known set: “I have two keys; one is here and the other is at home.” Others is the pronoun form for other people or other things. With numbers, another can introduce a plural period or amount, such as another two weeks.

Spoken 文法：B1 語彙：A1 Informal

Can I have another cup?

Another usually goes before a singular count noun.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

another cup

additional_item_request

Means one more cup of the same type.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Can I have

polite_request_frame

A reusable request frame.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

Other people may disagree.

Other commonly comes before plural nouns.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Other people

different_people_determiner

Means different or additional people.

ひとまとまりで覚える

may disagree

possibility

Adds a possible different opinion.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

I have two keys; one is here and the other is at home.

The other means the remaining item when the set is known.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I have two keys

known_set_setup

Creates a known set of two items.

one is here

first_item

Identifies the first member of the pair.

the other is at home

remaining_item

Points to the remaining item in the known pair.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Summary

Practical checklist

Use this checklist. For a complete set, choose all, every, each, or both according to focus and size. For two choices, choose either for one acceptable choice and neither for zero acceptable choices. For zero in a larger set, use no before a noun and none as a pronoun. For extra or different items, use another with a singular count noun and other with plural or uncountable nouns. Use the other when the remaining item is already clear. If using of, make sure the group is specific. When unsure, ask: whole set, separate members, one of two, zero members, or a different/remaining item?

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Determiners for sets and choices

The set lens: choose the view

Choose the size and the choice

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

The three-step set logic

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Wide angle, scanner, zoom

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Full-set patterns

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Each, every, and all are not the same

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Two choices and zero choices

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Another, other, the other

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Practical checklist

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