Vocafy - 効率的な語学学習 Vocafy - 効率的な語学学習
文法
Sentence structure A1 A2 B1

It as a subject

Use it for time, weather, distance, opinions, and delayed subjects.

解説を翻訳しています…
翻訳が完了するまで、英語の原文レッスンを表示しています。
図解ガイド

It as a subject: fill the front slot

English wants a subject at the front
(subject = the first who/what place)

No real person or thing to put there?
              ↓
            use It
              ↓
[ It ] + [ situation frame ] + [ real details ]

weather      → It's raining.
time         → It's five o'clock.
opinion      → It's easy to get lost here.
time needed  → It takes about twenty minutes to walk there.

It here = subject filler, not a thing.

Use it to fill English’s required subject place when the sentence is about a situation, or when the real idea comes later.

Introduction

Why English uses it here

English usually needs an expressed subject. When there is no real person or thing doing the action, we often use it as an empty or situation subject. It lets the sentence talk naturally about time, weather, distance, or a whole situation: “It's Monday.” “It's raining.” “It's ten minutes to the station.” In these sentences, it does not name an object. It simply fills the subject position so the important information can come after the verb.
Core 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

It's Monday.

Use it as the required subject when giving the day.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

It's Monday
time/date subject frame
A complete frame for saying the day or date with dummy it.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Core 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

It's raining.

The it does not refer to a thing; it fills the subject position for weather.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

It's raining
weather frame
A common weather sentence with it as the subject.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Core 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

It's ten minutes to the station.

Use it to introduce a distance or travel-time estimate.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

It's ten minutes
distance/time estimate frame
A reusable start for distance or travel-time estimates.
ひとまとまりで覚える
to the station
destination phrase
Shows the endpoint of the distance or journey.
Core logic

It fills the subject slot

The core logic is: put it in the subject place, then say what is true about the situation. With be, the pattern is it + be + description: “It's five o'clock.” With weather verbs, the pattern is it + weather verb: “It rained all night.” This it does not answer “who?” or “what thing?” It is a grammatical subject, not a meaningful noun. The real message is usually the time, weather, distance, condition, or opinion after the verb.
Core 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

It's five o'clock.

Time expressions commonly use it as the subject.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

It's five o'clock
clock-time frame
A complete frame for saying the time.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Core 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

It rained all night.

Weather verbs also need it as the subject.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

It rained
weather verb frame
A reusable weather-verb pattern with it as subject.
ひとまとまりで覚える
all night
time phrase
Says when or how long the weather happened.
Core pattern

Time, weather, and distance frames

For time, dates, weather, and distance, the frame is highly reusable. Use it with clock time, days, general weather adjectives, weather verbs, and distance expressions. In questions with be, move be before it: “Is it cold outside?” For distance, keep it at the start: “It's a long way to the airport.” With weather verbs in simple tenses, use do-support in questions: “Did it rain?” The subject it stays even when the real topic feels obvious from context.
Question 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

Is it cold outside?

In questions with be, put be before it.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Is it cold
weather question frame
A reusable question frame with be before it.
ひとまとまりで覚える
outside
place phrase
Adds the place or situation.
Core 文法：A1 語彙：A2 Neutral

It's a long way to the airport.

Use it with distance descriptions such as a long way.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

It's a long way
distance frame
A natural frame for saying that a place is far.
ひとまとまりで覚える
to the airport
destination phrase
Names the destination.
Question 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

Did it rain?

With simple-tense weather verbs, use do-support in questions.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Did it rain
weather question with do
A reusable past simple question frame for a weather verb.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Core pattern

Opinions and delayed subjects

It also helps when the real subject is long, especially an action or a whole clause. Instead of starting with the long idea, English often starts with it and places the long idea later. Use it + be + adjective + to action: “It's easy to get lost here.” Add for + person when the opinion applies to someone: “It's important for us to be on time.” Use it + be + adjective/noun + that clause for a full idea: “It's clear that she needs help.” “It's a shame that the shop is closed.”
Core 文法：A2 語彙：A2 Neutral

It's easy to get lost here.

The real action comes later as a to-infinitive.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

It's easy
evaluation frame
A reusable opinion/evaluation frame with dummy it.
ひとまとまりで覚える
to get lost here
delayed action
Names the action being evaluated.
Core 文法：A2 語彙：A2 Neutral

It's important for us to be on time.

For + person can show who needs to do the delayed action.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

It's important for us
evaluation plus affected person
A reusable frame for saying who the evaluation concerns.
ひとまとまりで覚える
to be on time
delayed action
Names the action that is important.
Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

It's clear that she needs help.

It can delay a full that-clause until after the adjective.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

It's clear that
that-clause evaluation frame
A reusable frame for introducing a clear fact or conclusion.
ひとまとまりで覚える
she needs help
delayed clause
Gives the full idea after that.
Spoken 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

It's a shame that the shop is closed.

A noun phrase such as a shame can also evaluate a delayed that-clause.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

It's a shame that
noun evaluation frame
A reusable frame for reacting to a situation.
ひとまとまりで覚える
the shop is closed
delayed clause
Names the situation being judged.
Sentence xray

X-ray: it takes + time

In “It takes about twenty minutes to walk there,” the word it fills the subject position. The verb takes connects the situation with a time amount. About twenty minutes is the amount, and to walk there is the delayed action. The reusable frame is it takes + time + to action. In questions, use do-support because take is an ordinary verb: “Does it take long to get there?” This pattern is common for journeys, tasks, forms, phone calls, and everyday plans.
Core 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

It takes about twenty minutes to walk there.

It takes + time + to-infinitive is a key frame for duration.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

It takes
duration frame
The core frame for saying how much time an action needs.
ひとまとまりで覚える
about twenty minutes
time amount
Says the amount of time.
to walk there
delayed action
Names the action that takes time.
Question 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

Does it take long to get there?

Use does with take in present simple questions.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Does it take long
duration question frame
A reusable question frame for asking about duration.
ひとまとまりで覚える
to get there
delayed action
Names the action or journey.
Contrast

It is not there is

The closest confusion is it versus there. Use there is or there are to introduce the existence or presence of something: “There's a café near the station.” Use it when the thing is already known and you are describing it: “It's near the station.” If you say “It is a café near the station” to mean that a café exists, the sentence sounds wrong because the thing has not been introduced. Also, do not use dummy it when a real subject is already present: say “The train is late,” not it is late the train.
Contrast 文法：A1 語彙：A2 Neutral

There's a café near the station.

Use there is, not dummy it, to introduce the existence of something.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

There's a café
existence frame
A reusable frame for introducing something that exists or is present.
ひとまとまりで覚える
near the station
place phrase
Says where it is.
Contrast 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

It's near the station.

Here it refers back to a known café, so it is not an empty subject.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

It's near the station
known-thing description
Use it when the thing is already known and you are describing it.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Mistake 文法：A1 語彙：A2 Neutral

It is a café near the station.

This is a common error when the speaker wants to introduce that a café exists. Use there is instead.

Corrected 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

The train is late.

When there is a real subject, do not add dummy it.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The train is late
real subject frame
Use the real noun as subject when you are describing that noun directly.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Form variations

Questions, negatives, and tense

Make questions and negatives according to the verb. With be, put be before it in questions and put not after be in negatives: is it, was it, it is not, it was not. “It wasn't easy to cancel the booking.” With weather verbs and take, use do-support in simple tenses: did it rain, does it take, it did not rain. “It didn't take long.” It can also appear after modals: it may rain, it could be difficult. The subject it stays in the sentence.
Negative 文法：A2 語彙：A2 Neutral

It wasn't easy to cancel the booking.

With be, put not after the be form.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

It wasn't easy
negative evaluation frame
A reusable negative frame with be + not.
ひとまとまりで覚える
to cancel the booking
delayed action
Names the action being evaluated.
Negative 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

It didn't take long.

With take in the past simple, use didn't before the base verb take.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

It didn't take long
negative duration frame
A reusable negative frame with take and do-support.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Summary

Key frames to remember

Use it as subject when the sentence talks about time, date, weather, distance, a general situation, an evaluation with a delayed action, a that-clause, or the time needed for an action. The main frames are it + be + time or description, it + weather verb, it + be + adjective or noun + to action, it + be + adjective or noun + that clause, and it takes + time + to action. Choose there is or there are instead when introducing something that exists or is present.
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