Information and style B1 B2 C1

Linking adverbs and cohesion

Guide readers through addition, contrast, cause, result, sequence, and summary with sentence adverbs and transitions.

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図解ガイド

Linking adverbs: road signs between ideas

PREVIOUS IDEA
   │
   │  finish it first
   ▼
[ . ] or [ ; ]  +  LINKING ADVERB,  +  NEXT IDEA
                      │
                      └─ road sign for the reader

Choose the road sign:
  add        → Moreover,
  contrast   ↩ However,
  result     ⇒ As a result,
  next step  1→2 Then,
  summary    ⊙ To sum up,

The report is clear. However, it needs one more chart.
The road was closed. As a result, the delivery arrived late.

Comma-glue danger:
  ✗ The meeting was cancelled, however we met online.
  ✓ The meeting was cancelled; however, we met online.

Use a linking adverb after a full stop or semicolon to show how the next idea connects.

Introduction

What linking adverbs do

Linking adverbs are road signs for readers. They do not usually add new facts; they show how the next fact connects to the last one. They can add information, turn the argument, show a cause and result, order steps, or close a point. Without them, sentences may be grammatically correct but feel jumpy. With them, the reader knows what kind of move is coming. The report is clear. However, it needs one more chart.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

The report is clear. However, it needs one more chart.

However links a useful positive comment to a contrasting limitation.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The report is clear.

first point

Sets up the first idea.

However,

contrast transition

Signals that the next idea contrasts with the first.

ひとまとまりで覚える

it needs one more chart.

contrasting point

Gives the second idea after the turn.

Core logic

Six common logic moves

Choose the linker for the relationship, not for style alone. Addition gives another supporting point: The software is reliable. Moreover, it is easy to update. Contrast turns away from an expectation: The price is high. Still, many customers choose it. Cause and result show that one fact leads to another: The road was closed. As a result, the delivery arrived late. Sequence puts actions or ideas in order: First, open the app. Then, choose your account. A good linker answers the reader’s silent question: how is this sentence connected?

Formal 文法：B2 語彙：B1 Formal

The software is reliable. Moreover, it is easy to update.

Moreover is common in organized written arguments.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The software is reliable.

first point

Introduces one supporting point.

Moreover,

addition transition

Adds a stronger or additional supporting point.

ひとまとまりで覚える

it is easy to update.

added point

Gives the extra point.

Contrast 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

The price is high. Still, many customers choose it.

Still is a natural, slightly less formal contrast linker.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The price is high.

first point

Creates an expected negative conclusion.

Still,

soft contrast transition

Signals that the second idea is surprising despite the first.

ひとまとまりで覚える

many customers choose it.

unexpected point

Gives the result that goes against expectation.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

The road was closed. As a result, the delivery arrived late.

As a result points back to the cause in the previous sentence.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The road was closed.

cause

Gives the reason or cause.

As a result,

result transition

Introduces the result of the previous fact.

ひとまとまりで覚える

the delivery arrived late.

result

States what happened because of the first fact.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A1 Neutral

First, open the app. Then, choose your account.

First and then organize actions in time or order.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

First,

first step transition

Marks the beginning of a sequence.

ひとまとまりで覚える

open the app.

first action

Gives the first instruction.

Then,

next step transition

Moves to the next action.

choose your account.

next action

Gives the next instruction.

Core pattern

Position and punctuation

Most linking adverbs can open the sentence that they connect. Therefore, we need more time. Front position is clear and learner-friendly; it usually takes a comma after the adverb or phrase. Some linking adverbs can also be inserted into the sentence for a smoother or more formal style. The product, however, is still expensive. When a linker sits inside a sentence, commas often mark the interruption. When two complete clauses are joined in one sentence, use a semicolon before a linking adverb, not only a comma.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

Therefore, we need more time.

A fronted transition is followed by a comma.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Therefore,

result transition

Shows that the sentence is a logical result.

ひとまとまりで覚える

we need more time.

result statement

States the conclusion.

Formal 文法：B2 語彙：A2 Formal

The product, however, is still expensive.

However can be inserted after the subject in a more written style.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The product,

topic

Starts the sentence topic.

however,

inserted contrast transition

Adds a contrast inside the sentence and is set off with commas.

ひとまとまりで覚える

is still expensive.

comment

Completes the contrasting information.

Sentence xray

Sentence X-ray: the turn signal

Read a linked pair in three functional chunks: first statement, linking adverb, follow-up statement. The price is high. However, the quality is excellent. Chunks: The price is high. / core chunk: However, / the quality is excellent. The linker belongs to the second sentence because it tells the reader how to interpret that second sentence. A concession turn uses the same frame: The test was difficult. Even so, most students passed. Chunks: The test was difficult. / core chunk: Even so, / most students passed. Learn the linker as a reusable signal, not as decoration.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

The price is high. However, the quality is excellent.

This is the basic two-sentence contrast frame.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The price is high.

first statement

Creates a negative expectation.

However,

core contrast linker

Turns the reader toward a contrasting point.

ひとまとまりで覚える

the quality is excellent.

contrasting statement

Gives the balancing positive idea.

Contrast 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

The test was difficult. Even so, most students passed.

Even so is useful when the second sentence beats the expectation created by the first.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The test was difficult.

first statement

Sets up a difficult situation.

Even so,

concession linker

Means despite that and introduces a surprising result.

ひとまとまりで覚える

most students passed.

surprising result

States what happened despite the difficulty.

Contrast

However is not but

The closest confused structures are conjunctions and subordinators. But is a coordinating conjunction; it joins two clauses inside one sentence. I was tired, but I finished the report. However is a sentence adverb; it comments on the second sentence or clause. I was tired. However, I finished the report. Although is a subordinator; it makes a dependent clause and needs a main clause. Although the hotel was expensive, it was comfortable. Nevertheless is a sentence adverb with a similar meaning to despite that. The hotel was expensive. Nevertheless, it was comfortable.

Contrast 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

I was tired, but I finished the report.

But is a conjunction, not a sentence adverb.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I was tired,

first clause

Gives the first clause before the conjunction.

but

coordinating conjunction

Joins two clauses inside one sentence.

ひとまとまりで覚える

I finished the report.

second clause

Gives the contrasting clause.

Contrast 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

I was tired. However, I finished the report.

However works as a transition for the second sentence.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I was tired.

first sentence

Gives a complete first idea.

However,

sentence adverb

Links the next sentence to the previous one.

ひとまとまりで覚える

I finished the report.

second sentence

Gives the contrasting complete idea.

Contrast 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

Although the hotel was expensive, it was comfortable.

Although is a subordinator; it does not work like however.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Although the hotel was expensive,

dependent contrast clause

Although makes this clause dependent on the main clause.

ひとまとまりで覚える

it was comfortable.

main clause

Completes the sentence with the main point.

Formal 文法：B2 語彙：A2 Formal

The hotel was expensive. Nevertheless, it was comfortable.

Nevertheless is a formal sentence adverb for contrast.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The hotel was expensive.

first sentence

States the first fact.

Nevertheless,

formal contrast transition

Introduces a contrast meaning despite that.

ひとまとまりで覚える

it was comfortable.

contrasting sentence

Gives the balancing fact.

Usage rules

Meaning, strength, and register

Register matters. Also and too are common in conversation and neutral writing. In addition is clear and neutral. Moreover and furthermore feel more written or formal, and they often add a stronger supporting point. The data is incomplete. Moreover, the sample is very small. For contrast, however is general, nevertheless is more formal, and still or even so can sound more direct. For result, therefore and consequently are more formal; as a result is clear in reports and everyday explanations. Do not use a heavy transition in every sentence; cohesion also comes from repeated topics and clear pronouns.

Formal 文法：B2 語彙：B1 Formal

The data is incomplete. Moreover, the sample is very small.

Moreover often adds weight in written analysis.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The data is incomplete.

first problem

Gives one problem.

Moreover,

formal addition transition

Adds another serious supporting point.

ひとまとまりで覚える

the sample is very small.

added problem

Gives the second problem.

Form variations

Sequence, alternatives, and summary

Sequence linkers guide the reader through time, instructions, or argument order: first, next, then, finally, meanwhile. Finally can mean the last point, not always after a long wait. Otherwise means if not or in the other case, so it often follows advice, a condition, or a question. Can we leave now? Otherwise, we will not catch the train. Summary linkers close a section or argument: overall, in short, to sum up, in conclusion. To sum up, the project is late but manageable. Use summary linkers only when you are really closing a point.

Question 文法：B1 語彙：A1 Neutral

Can we leave now? Otherwise, we will not catch the train.

Otherwise can follow a question or instruction and often points to a negative result.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Can we leave now?

question

Asks about immediate action.

Otherwise,

negative-condition transition

Means if not or in the other case.

ひとまとまりで覚える

we will not catch the train.

bad result

States the negative result if the action is not taken.

Formal 文法：B1 語彙：B1 Neutral

To sum up, the project is late but manageable.

To sum up is useful before a short final conclusion.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

To sum up,

summary transition

Introduces a final overall statement.

ひとまとまりで覚える

the project is late but manageable.

summary judgment

Condenses the main message.

Danger zone

Common danger zones

Two common errors damage cohesion. First, do not join two complete sentences with only a comma before however, therefore, or moreover. Mistake: The meeting was cancelled, however we met online. Corrected: The meeting was cancelled; however, we met online. A full stop would also work. Second, do not double-mark one simple contrast with although and however. Mistake: Although the hotel was expensive. However, it was comfortable. Corrected: Although the hotel was expensive, it was comfortable. You can also make two sentences with however, but do not mix the two patterns unnecessarily.

Mistake 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

The meeting was cancelled, however we met online.

A comma alone is too weak before however when it connects two complete clauses.

Corrected 文法：B2 語彙：A2 Neutral

The meeting was cancelled; however, we met online.

Use a semicolon before however and a comma after it, or make two sentences.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The meeting was cancelled;

first independent clause

The semicolon closes the first complete clause before the transition.

however,

contrast transition

Links the second clause back to the first with contrast.

ひとまとまりで覚える

we met online.

second independent clause

Gives the contrasting second complete clause.

Mistake 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

Although the hotel was expensive. However, it was comfortable.

Although and however are two different contrast signals; do not double-mark the same simple contrast like this.

Corrected 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

Although the hotel was expensive, it was comfortable.

Use although inside one sentence, or use however between two complete sentences, but do not mix them unnecessarily.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Although the hotel was expensive,

dependent contrast clause

Although introduces the contrast clause and needs a main clause.

ひとまとまりで覚える

it was comfortable.

main clause

Completes the sentence without another contrast linker.

Summary

Control the reader’s path

Good cohesion is practical sentence logic. First decide the relationship: addition, contrast, cause and result, sequence, alternative, or summary. Then choose a linker with the right strength and register. Put it where the reader needs the signal, usually at the start of the sentence it connects. Punctuate it clearly, especially with however and therefore between complete clauses. If every sentence has a transition, the writing can feel mechanical; use linking adverbs to guide important turns, not to decorate every line.

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Linking adverbs and cohesion

Linking adverbs: road signs between ideas

What linking adverbs do

意味のかたまり

Six common logic moves

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Position and punctuation

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Sentence X-ray: the turn signal

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

However is not but

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Meaning, strength, and register

意味のかたまり

Sequence, alternatives, and summary

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Common danger zones

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Control the reader’s path

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