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文法
Questions and negation A1 A2

Negation with not, no, never, and do

Form negatives with do-support, be, perfect and future auxiliaries, modal + not, no, and never.

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図解ガイド

The negative switch

NEGATIVE = choose ONE switch

1) verb idea → NOT

   helper/special verb already there
   (am/is/are, have finished, will, can)
        helper + not
        I am not ready.

   ordinary verb, no helper
        do/does/did + not + plain verb
        I do not know.

2) zero amount → NO + noun
        I have no money.

3) zero times → NEVER
        I never drink coffee.

not / no / never = one negative job
(no double negative)

Put not after a helper; if there is no helper, add do/does/did. Use no for zero amount and never for zero times.

Introduction

The main negative words

English negatives usually answer one question: where does the negative word go? Not normally attaches to a verb or helper, while no usually sits before a noun. Never means not ever. Start with the verb type. With be, put not after be: I am not ready. With an ordinary verb, add do: I do not know. With a noun idea meaning zero, use no: There is no milk. These choices make most everyday negative sentences clear and natural.
Negative 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

I am not ready.

With be, put not after be. Do not add do.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I
subject
The person the sentence is about.
am not ready
negative_be_phrase
Be carries not before an adjective.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Negative 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

There is no milk.

No comes before a noun when the meaning is zero or none.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

There is
existence_phrase
Introduces that something exists or is present.
no milk
no_noun_phrase
No before a noun means zero or none.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Cognitive metaphor

The negative switch

Think of not as a negative switch. In English, the switch goes on the first verb that can carry it. Be can carry it. Helpers like have, will, and can can carry it. Ordinary verbs usually cannot, so English adds do, does, or did to carry not. Compare these frames: We have not finished. He will not come. You cannot park here. The meaning is negative, but the main verb after the helper stays simple: finished, come, park. This is why the helper is so important in English negatives.
Negative 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

We have not finished.

Perfect forms use have or has plus not, not do.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

We
subject
The people the sentence is about.
have not finished
perfect_negative
In the perfect, have carries not before the past participle.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Negative 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

He will not come.

Use will not before the base verb for a future negative.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

He
subject
The person the sentence is about.
will not come
future_negative
In future meaning with will, will carries not.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Negative 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

You cannot park here.

With can, use cannot or can't; do not add do.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

You
subject
The person being addressed.
cannot park
modal_negative
A modal carries not before the base verb. Cannot is written as one word.
ひとまとまりで覚える
here
place
Shows the place.
Core pattern

Ordinary verbs need do-support

Use do-support with ordinary verbs in the present and past: subject + do or does or did + not + base verb. In speech, do not is often don't, does not is doesn't, and did not is didn't. The main verb after do-support stays in the base form: I do not know; She doesn't like fish; They didn't call. For a negative question, put don't, doesn't, or didn't before the subject: Didn't they call? A common error is adding past or -s twice. Say They didn't call, not They didn't called.
Core 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

I do not know.

Know is an ordinary verb here, so the negative uses do not.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I
subject
The speaker.
do not know
do_support_negative
Ordinary present verbs need do not before the base verb.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Negative 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

She doesn't like fish.

After doesn't, the main verb stays in the base form: like, not likes.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

She
subject
The person the sentence is about.
doesn't like
does_not_base_verb
For he, she, or it, use does not or doesn't plus the base verb.
ひとまとまりで覚える
fish
object
The thing she does not like.
Negative 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

They didn't call.

Did carries the past meaning, so call stays in the base form.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

They
subject
The people the sentence is about.
didn't call
did_not_base_verb
For past negatives with ordinary verbs, use did not or didn't plus the base verb.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Question 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

Didn't they call?

In a negative question with did, didn't comes before the subject.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Didn't they call
negative_question_start
Negative question form with didn't before the subject and the base verb after it.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Form variations

Be, helpers, future, and modals

Do not add do when the sentence already has be, have as a perfect helper, will, or a modal such as can, must, or should. Put not after that verb or use a contraction. Be gives am not, isn't, aren't. Perfect forms give haven't or hasn't. Future will not often becomes won't: I won't be late. Modals take not directly: She can't swim. The full form cannot is written as one word in most uses. The error She doesn't can swim happens because do-support is added even though can is already the helper.
Spoken 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

I won't be late.

Won't is the normal spoken and written contraction for will not.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I
subject
The speaker.
won't be late
contracted_future_negative
Won't is the common contraction of will not.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Negative 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

She can't swim.

A modal negative does not use do-support.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

She
subject
The person the sentence is about.
can't swim
contracted_modal_negative
Can't is can plus not before the base verb.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Mistake 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

She doesn't can swim.

This mixes do-support with a modal. Standard English uses can't or cannot, not doesn't can.

Contrast

Not or no?

The closest common confusion is not versus no. Use not to make a verb, adjective, or whole clause negative: I'm not hungry. Use no before a noun when the meaning is zero or none: I have no money. A very common alternative is do-support with any: I don't have any money. Both money sentences are natural, but the grammar is different. No can also be a short answer: No, thanks. Do not use no as the normal negative word before an adjective or ordinary verb; use not or do not instead.
Corrected 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

I'm not hungry.

Use not with adjectives after be; no does not replace not here.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I'm
subject
I am in contracted form.
not hungry
negative_adjective_phrase
Use not before an adjective after be.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Contrast 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

I have no money.

No can directly modify a noun: no money.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I have
subject_verb
Shows possession.
no money
no_noun_phrase
No before a noun means none.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Contrast 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

I don't have any money.

This means almost the same as I have no money, but it uses do-support with the verb have.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I
subject
The speaker.
don't have any money
do_support_possession_negative
An ordinary verb can take do not plus any in a negative sentence.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Spoken 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

No, thanks.

No can also stand alone as a short answer.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

No, thanks
short_answer
A polite negative answer to an offer.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Danger zone

Never and double negatives

Never means not ever. It can describe habits, facts, past events, or life experience: I never drink coffee. In the present perfect, never goes after have or has and before the past participle: I have never been to Canada. Because never is already negative, standard English does not usually add another negative word for the same idea. Say I never go there, not I don't never go there. If you want to use do-support, use ever instead: I don't ever go there.
Negative 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

I never drink coffee.

Never makes the verb idea negative by itself.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I
subject
The speaker.
never drink coffee
never_habit
Never before a main verb means not ever as a habit or fact.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Negative 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

I have never been to Canada.

Use have never been for life experience up to now.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I
subject
The speaker.
have never been
perfect_never
In the perfect, never goes after have and before the past participle.
ひとまとまりで覚える
to Canada
place
The place connected to the experience.
Mistake 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Informal

I don't never go there.

Standard English usually avoids two negatives for one negative meaning.

Corrected 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

I never go there.

Use never without don't when never gives the negative meaning.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I
subject
The speaker.
never go there
never_habit
Never alone gives the negative meaning: not ever.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Summary

Choose the negative job

Some negatives look similar but do not mean the same thing. Not everyone agrees means some people agree and some do not. No one agreed means zero people agreed. This contrast is useful because not can limit only part of a sentence, while no can make a whole noun idea empty. Before speaking, choose the job: use not with be, helpers, adjectives, and clauses; use do not with ordinary verbs; use no before nouns for zero; use never for not ever. This gives you the main A1-A2 negative system.
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