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文法
Information and style C1

Nominalization for concise style

Turn actions and qualities into noun phrases to make formal writing denser and more abstract.

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図解ガイド

Nominalization: freeze the event into a noun block

MOVING EVENT: people do / something is true
They investigated the incident for three weeks.
        │
        │ freeze the action or quality
        ▼
NOUN BLOCK: one compact “thing” in the sentence
the + noun + link + details
          of/in/to = link to the related idea
        │
        ▼
The investigation of the incident took three weeks.

Effect: less story-like, more formal and dense.

Nominalize only when turning an action or quality into a noun block makes the sentence more concise and formal.

Introduction

Actions and qualities as noun phrases

Nominalization means turning an action, process, or quality into a noun phrase. Instead of writing they investigated the incident, formal writing can say the investigation of the incident. This makes the sentence denser and more abstract because a whole event becomes one grammatical unit. It is common in reports, academic writing, policy documents, and business analysis. Nominalization is useful when the event itself matters more than the person doing it, or when you want to connect ideas compactly across sentences.
Formal 文法：C1 語彙：B2 Formal

The investigation of the incident took three weeks.

The action is treated as a formal topic rather than as a full clause.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The investigation
nominalized_topic
A verb action, investigate, is packaged as a noun phrase and used as the subject.
ひとまとまりで覚える
of the incident
object_of_nominalization
An of-phrase names what was investigated.
Contrast 文法：B2 語彙：B2 Neutral

They investigated the incident for three weeks.

This version is clearer and more direct, but less dense and less formal.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

They investigated the incident
non_nominalized_clause
The action is expressed directly with a verb and an object.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Core logic

The core logic

A normal clause has a verb at its center: managers approved the plan. A nominalized version moves that action into a noun: the approval of the plan. Once the action is a noun phrase, it can be the subject, object, complement, or object of a preposition. Nominalization can also package qualities: accurate becomes accuracy, stable becomes stability, and aware becomes awareness. The trade-off is important: you gain compact, formal style, but you may lose clear information about who did the action, when it happened, or whether it is still happening.
Core 文法：C1 語彙：B2 Formal

The delay in approval caused a loss of funding.

Nominalization lets one event cause another without using several clauses.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The delay in approval
nominalized_subject
A delayed approving process is turned into one noun phrase.
ひとまとまりで覚える
caused
result_verb
The nominalized event now behaves like a subject that can cause something.
a loss of funding
nominalized_object
The result is also expressed as a noun phrase.
Core 文法：C1 語彙：B2 Formal

The accuracy of the data was questioned.

Qualities can also be nominalized and used as sentence subjects.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The accuracy of the data
nominalized_quality
The adjective accurate becomes the noun accuracy, followed by of.
ひとまとまりで覚える
was questioned
main_predicate
The noun phrase becomes the thing being discussed.
Cognitive metaphor

Freeze the event into a block

Think of nominalization as freezing a moving event into an object. A verb shows motion: the system failed, prices increased, the team responded. A nominalization turns that motion into a block you can move around the sentence: the failure of the system, an increase in prices, the team’s response. This is useful because formal writing often discusses relationships between events as if they were objects: one development causes another, supports another, or creates a problem. The metaphor is helpful, but do not freeze every action. If the reader needs a clear story, verbs usually work better.
Core 文法：C1 語彙：B2 Formal

The closure of the factory created uncertainty.

A whole event can be moved into subject position as one conceptual object.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The closure of the factory
nominalized_event
The event close the factory is frozen into a noun phrase.
ひとまとまりで覚える
created uncertainty
abstract_effect
The noun phrase is used as a cause of another abstract result.
Contrast 文法：B2 語彙：B1 Neutral

When the factory closed, workers felt uncertain.

The verbal version feels more immediate and less abstract.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

When the factory closed
direct_verb_clause
This version presents the event as unfolding in time.
ひとまとまりで覚える
workers felt uncertain
result_clause
The result is expressed through people and a verb.
Core pattern

Reusable nominalization patterns

Common patterns include the + noun + of + noun phrase, as in the expansion of the service; possessive + noun, as in the company’s expansion; noun + to-infinitive, as in the decision to withdraw; and noun + that-clause, as in the claim that costs would fall. Many nominalized nouns also take fixed prepositions: an increase in demand, a reduction in waste, approval of the plan, a request for information, and an impact on sales. Learn the noun together with its usual pattern, because the preposition often changes from the original verb.
Core 文法：C1 語彙：B2 Formal

The expansion of the service required additional staff.

This is one of the most common formal nominalization patterns.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The expansion of the service
the_of_pattern
The pattern the + noun + of + noun phrase names an action and its object.
ひとまとまりで覚える
required additional staff
outcome
The nominalized action is used as the reason for a result.
Core 文法：C1 語彙：B2 Formal

The company’s expansion into Asia changed its risk profile.

The possessive form is often shorter than an of-phrase with the agent.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The company’s expansion
possessive_nominalization
A possessive can show who performs or owns the nominalized action.
ひとまとまりで覚える
into Asia
prepositional_detail
A prepositional phrase adds direction or field of expansion.
Core 文法：C1 語彙：B2 Formal

Their decision to withdraw surprised investors.

Use a to-infinitive after nouns such as decision, plan, attempt, refusal, and failure.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Their decision to withdraw
decision_to_pattern
Decision is commonly followed by to + verb to name the chosen action.
ひとまとまりで覚える
surprised investors
consequence
The nominalized decision functions as the subject of the sentence.
Negative 文法：C1 語彙：B2 Formal

The claim that costs would fall was not supported by the evidence.

This pattern is common with claim, argument, belief, assumption, conclusion, and evidence.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The claim that costs would fall
claim_that_pattern
Some nominalizations are followed by a that-clause giving the content of the claim.
ひとまとまりで覚える
was not supported
evaluation
The nominalized claim is evaluated as a whole.
Sentence xray

Sentence X-ray: cause and result

In the sentence the sudden failure of the system led to the cancellation of all appointments, two actions are packaged as noun phrases. The first package is the sudden failure of the system. It contains an adjective, a nominalized noun, and an of-phrase. The second package is the cancellation of all appointments. The verb led to connects the two packages as cause and result. A less nominalized version is because the system suddenly failed, we cancelled all appointments. That version is clearer about sequence and responsibility, while the nominalized version is more compact and formal.
Formal 文法：C1 語彙：B2 Formal

The sudden failure of the system led to the cancellation of all appointments.

This sentence shows how formal writing can link two packaged events compactly.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The sudden failure of the system
nominalized_start
This noun phrase contains an adjective, a nominalized action, and an of-phrase.
ひとまとまりで覚える
led to
cause_effect_link
Led to connects a nominalized cause to a nominalized result.
the cancellation of all appointments
nominalized_result
The result cancel all appointments is also turned into a noun phrase.
Contrast 文法：B2 語彙：B1 Neutral

Because the system suddenly failed, we cancelled all appointments.

The clause version is less dense but makes the actor and sequence clearer.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Because the system suddenly failed
subordinate_clause
The same cause is expressed as a full clause with a verb.
ひとまとまりで覚える
we cancelled all appointments
main_clause
The responsible actor, we, is explicit in the verbal version.
Contrast

Nominalization versus gerund clauses

Nominalization is often confused with gerund clauses. A gerund clause uses an -ing verb form but still behaves partly like a verb: collecting reliable data, reviewing the evidence carefully, reducing costs quickly. A true nominalization behaves more like a noun: the collection of reliable data, a careful review of the evidence, a rapid reduction in costs. Gerund clauses are often better when you want to emphasize the activity. True nominalizations are better when you want an abstract object for formal discussion. Compare collecting data took six months with the collection of data took six months.
Contrast 文法：C1 語彙：B2 Neutral

Collecting reliable data took six months.

The gerund version focuses more on the activity itself.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Collecting reliable data
gerund_subject
A gerund clause keeps verbal behavior by taking a direct object.
ひとまとまりで覚える
took six months
time_expression
The clause functions as the subject of took.
Formal 文法：C1 語彙：B2 Formal

The collection of reliable data took six months.

This version is more abstract and typical of reports or academic writing.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The collection of reliable data
nominalized_subject
A true noun takes the and an of-phrase instead of a direct object.
ひとまとまりで覚える
took six months
time_expression
The noun phrase functions as the subject of took.
Usage rules

When nominalization helps

Use nominalization when the action or quality is the topic, when the actor is unknown or unimportant, or when you need a concise link between ideas. It is especially useful after abstract connectors such as caused, resulted in, led to, required, prevented, supported, and raised questions about. It also helps create cohesion: the proposal was rejected can become this rejection in the next sentence. In questions and negatives, nominalizations are common in formal style: what was the reason for the rejection of the proposal? The lack of evidence weakened the argument.
Question 文法：C1 語彙：B2 Formal

What was the reason for the rejection of the proposal?

Nominalizations work naturally in formal questions, especially about reasons and causes.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

What was the reason for the rejection
question_with_nominalization
Reason for + noun phrase asks about the cause of a nominalized event.
ひとまとまりで覚える
of the proposal
object_of_rejection
The of-phrase names what was rejected.
Negative 文法：C1 語彙：B2 Formal

The lack of evidence weakened the argument.

Negative meanings can be expressed compactly with nouns such as lack, failure, absence, and refusal.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The lack of evidence
nominalized_negative
Lack of is a common negative nominal phrase meaning not enough or none.
ひとまとまりで覚える
weakened the argument
result
The noun phrase functions as the cause of the result.
Danger zone

Danger zone: dense, vague, or wrong

Nominalization can make writing heavy or vague if overused. Avoid long chains such as the implementation of the optimization of the process. If the actor matters, use a verb or add the actor clearly: management rejected the request is clearer than the rejection of the request occurred. Watch the noun’s grammar: decision to reduce costs, not decision of reduce costs; increase in prices, not increase of prices in the usual sense; accuracy of the data, not accurate of the data. Do not invent noun forms. Check whether the noun actually exists and whether it has a special meaning.
Mistake 文法：C1 語彙：B1 Neutral

They made a decision of reduce costs.

Decision is followed by to + verb when it names the chosen action.

Corrected 文法：C1 語彙：B1 Formal

They made a decision to reduce costs.

This is grammatical, though decided to reduce costs is often clearer if no formal noun style is needed.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

a decision to reduce costs
corrected_nominal_pattern
Decision + to + verb is the correct nominalized pattern.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Mistake 文法：C1 語彙：B1 Neutral

There was a sharp increase of prices.

Increase normally uses in for the thing that becomes larger.

Corrected 文法：C1 語彙：B1 Formal

There was a sharp increase in prices.

Prepositions are part of many nominalization patterns and should be learned with the noun.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

a sharp increase in prices
correct_preposition
Increase in is the standard pattern for the rising quantity.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Form variations

Forms and noun endings

Common endings include -tion, as in investigation and reduction; -ment, as in development and improvement; -al, as in approval and refusal; -ance or -ence, as in performance and dependence; -ity, as in stability and complexity; and -ness, as in awareness and readiness. Some forms are irregular or surprising: choose becomes choice, lose becomes loss, prove becomes proof, and advise becomes advice. Some words have more than one related noun with different meanings, such as employment, employee, and employer. Choose the noun that matches the idea, not just the ending that looks possible.
Summary

Key takeaways

Nominalization is a powerful C1 style tool: it turns actions and qualities into noun phrases so they can function as compact subjects, objects, and links between ideas. Use patterns such as the approval of the plan, the company’s expansion, the decision to delay, and the claim that costs will fall. Prefer nominalization for formal, abstract, or cohesive writing. Prefer verbs when you need energy, clear responsibility, or simple storytelling. The best formal style is not full of nouns; it balances dense noun phrases with clear verbs.
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