Clauses and linking B1 B2

Noun clauses with that, wh-, and if/whether

Use that, wh-, and if/whether clauses as subjects, objects, complements, and reported content.

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図解ガイド

Noun clauses: make a whole idea act like a noun

A noun clause = one whole idea used as a noun

Main sentence needs an idea
              │
              ▼
        ┌───────────────┐
        │  IDEA CLAUSE  │
        └───────────────┘
              ▲
   pick the opener by meaning:

that        = a stated idea / fact
I believe that Maya is right.

wh-         = missing information
We don't know where the file is.

if/whether  = yes/no uncertainty
I'm not sure if the door is locked.

Inside the idea clause:
normal statement order, not question order.

Choose the opener by the kind of idea, then keep normal statement order inside the noun clause.

Introduction

A clause can act like a noun

Noun clauses let a whole clause fill a noun position: subject, object, or complement. They often begin with that, a wh-word such as what, where, why, how, who, or when, or if/whether. The clause carries content: a fact, a question answer, or a yes/no choice. I believe that Maya is right. We don't know where the file is. The question is whether we can finish today. In each sentence, the noun clause is the thing believed, unknown, or named by the subject.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

I believe that Maya is right.

The that-clause is the object of believe.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I believe that Maya is right

frame

A whole that-clause is the thing believed.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Negative 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

We don't know where the file is.

The wh-clause uses statement word order: where + subject + verb.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

We don't know where the file is

frame

A wh-clause is the thing that is not known.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

The question is whether we can finish today.

The whether-clause is a complement after be.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The question is whether we can finish today

frame

A whether-clause completes the meaning of the subject.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core logic

Pick the opener by the meaning

Choose the opener by the kind of content you mean. Use that for a complete statement: the clause could stand as a statement by itself. Use a wh-word when the larger sentence contains an indirect information question: what, where, why, who, when, how, which. Use if or whether when the idea is a yes/no question or choice. I can't remember what she said. In that sentence, the wh-clause is the thing remembered or not remembered. The opener belongs to the noun clause, but the whole clause works as one unit in the larger sentence.

Negative 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

I can't remember what she said.

What she said is the thing the speaker cannot remember.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I can't remember what she said

frame

Use a wh-clause for missing-information content after remember.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core pattern

Main sentence frames

Common frames are verb + noun clause, be + noun clause, noun clause + verb, and adjective + noun clause. With reporting and thinking verbs, the clause is usually the object: She said that the meeting was short. After be, it can complete the subject: My concern is that we are moving too fast. At the beginning, it can be the subject, especially with whether or that in more formal style: Whether they agree depends on the price. After adjectives of knowledge or feeling, it completes the adjective: I'm not sure if the door is locked.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

She said that the meeting was short.

The that-clause reports the content of what she said.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

She said that the meeting was short

frame

Use said that to report a statement.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core 文法：B2 語彙：B1 Neutral

My concern is that we are moving too fast.

The that-clause explains the concern.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

My concern is that we are moving too fast

frame

A that-clause can complete a noun after be.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Formal 文法：B2 語彙：B1 Formal

Whether they agree depends on the price.

Fronted whether-clauses are common in careful or formal style.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Whether they agree depends on the price

frame

A whether-clause can act as the subject of the sentence.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Negative 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

I'm not sure if the door is locked.

The if-clause completes the adjective sure.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I'm not sure if the door is locked

frame

Use if after not sure for yes/no uncertainty.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Form variations

Heavy subjects and dummy it

Long subject clauses can stand at the front, but they often feel formal or heavy. That he apologized surprised everyone. In everyday English, a dummy it commonly holds the subject position and the content comes later: It surprised everyone that he apologized. The second pattern is usually smoother for reactions and judgments. The word it does not refer to a thing; it only keeps the sentence easy to process. Front the clause when the content itself is your topic or when you want a formal written tone.

Formal 文法：B2 語彙：B1 Formal

That he apologized surprised everyone.

The whole that-clause is the subject of surprised.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

That he apologized surprised everyone

frame

A that-clause can stand at the front as the subject, often formally.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core 文法：B2 語彙：B1 Neutral

It surprised everyone that he apologized.

This is the smoother everyday version of a long subject clause.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

It surprised everyone that he apologized

frame

Dummy it holds the subject place while the that-clause comes later.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Sentence xray

Embedded clauses keep statement order

Inside a noun clause, use statement word order, not question word order. Direct question: Where did Ana put the keys? Noun clause: I know where Ana put the keys. The auxiliary did disappears because the clause is no longer a direct question. For yes/no questions, use if or whether and keep normal subject + verb order. Direct question: Is the train late? Noun clause inside a question: Do you know if the train is late? The main clause can be a question, but the embedded noun clause stays statement-like.

Question 文法：B1 語彙：A1 Neutral

Where did Ana put the keys?

This is a direct question, so it uses question word order with did.

Contrast 文法：B1 語彙：A1 Neutral

I know where Ana put the keys.

The embedded noun clause does not use did or question inversion.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I know where Ana put the keys

frame

After know, the wh-clause uses statement word order.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Question 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

Is the train late?

This is a direct yes/no question with be before the subject.

Question 文法：B1 語彙：A1 Neutral

Do you know if the train is late?

The main sentence is a question, but the noun clause is the train is late.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Do you know if the train is late

frame

Use if plus statement word order inside the embedded yes/no question.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Contrast

Noun clause or relative clause?

A noun clause is often confused with a relative clause, especially with that. A noun clause is the content of a verb, noun, adjective, or subject position. A relative clause describes a noun before it. Compare: I heard that Sam hired a new assistant. Here that Sam hired a new assistant is the thing I heard. I met the woman that Sam hired. Here that Sam hired describes the woman; it is not the object of met by itself. Test it: if the clause answers what? after a verb, it is probably a noun clause.

Contrast 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

I heard that Sam hired a new assistant.

This that-clause works as a noun clause, the object of heard.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I heard that Sam hired a new assistant

frame

The that-clause is the content heard.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Contrast 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

I met the woman that Sam hired.

This is a relative clause, not a noun clause, because it describes woman.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

the woman that Sam hired

modifier

Here that Sam hired describes which woman.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Usage rules

That, if, and whether in real use

That is often optional after very common verbs such as say, think, know, and believe in informal speech, but it is useful in careful writing or when the sentence is long. Use whether rather than if when the clause is the subject, after a preposition, before an infinitive, or with or not. Use if naturally after ask, know, see, and wonder when the meaning is yes/no uncertainty. With decide and discuss before an infinitive, choose whether to, not if to.

Danger zone

Common traps

Two mistakes are especially common. First, learners keep direct-question word order inside the noun clause. Mistake: I asked where was the file. Corrected: I asked where the file was. Second, learners use if before an infinitive after verbs like discuss or decide. Mistake: We discussed if to postpone the trip. Corrected: We discussed whether to postpone the trip. Also notice meaning: a noun clause with if reports uncertainty; a conditional if-clause gives a condition. Do not choose by the word if alone; choose by the job of the clause.

Mistake 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

I asked where was the file.

Do not keep direct-question inversion inside a noun clause.

Corrected 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

I asked where the file was.

The embedded question is a noun clause with statement word order.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I asked where the file was

frame

After asked, the wh-clause uses subject before verb.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Mistake 文法：B2 語彙：B1 Neutral

We discussed if to postpone the trip.

Use whether to, not if to, before an infinitive choice.

Corrected 文法：B2 語彙：B1 Neutral

We discussed whether to postpone the trip.

Whether can introduce an infinitive choice; if cannot in this frame.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

We discussed whether to postpone the trip

frame

Whether to is the correct frame for an infinitive choice after discussed.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Summary

The practical test

Use noun clauses to package information as the subject, object, complement, or reported content of a bigger sentence. Pick that for statements, wh- words for missing information, and if/whether for yes/no uncertainty. Keep embedded word order as subject before verb. Use whether rather than if for subjects and infinitive choices, and when a formal choice is meant. Check what the clause is doing: if it is the thing known, said, asked, believed, felt, or decided, it is a noun clause.

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Noun clauses with that, wh-, and if/whether

Noun clauses: make a whole idea act like a noun

A clause can act like a noun

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Pick the opener by the meaning

意味のかたまり

Main sentence frames

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Heavy subjects and dummy it

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Embedded clauses keep statement order

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Noun clause or relative clause?

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

That, if, and whether in real use

Common traps

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

The practical test

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