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文法
Verbs and tense B1 B2

Passive voice with be

Shift focus from the doer to the action, receiver, or result with be + past participle.

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図解ガイド

Be passive: put the receiver first

Central move: change the camera focus

ACTIVE: doer first
A technician fixed the server this morning.
        │
        │ focus on the affected thing
        ▼
BE PASSIVE: receiver first
The server was fixed this morning.

Mental pattern:
[receiver: affected thing/person]
        + [be: shows the time]
        + [past participle: action done-form]
        + (by + doer, optional)

Doer needed?
The server was fixed by a technician.

Use be + past participle when the affected thing matters more than the doer; add by only if the doer matters.

Introduction

What the be passive does

The passive voice with be moves attention away from the doer and toward the action, receiver, or result. It is common when the doer is unknown, unimportant, obvious, or less important than what happened. In My bike was stolen, the important point is the bike and the loss, not the thief. In The meeting was cancelled, the result matters more than the person who cancelled it. The basic idea is receiver + be + past participle. The tense lives in be, so changing be changes the time.
Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

My bike was stolen.

The speaker focuses on the bike and the result, not the thief.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

My bike
receiver
The thing affected by the action becomes the subject.
was stolen
passive_verb
Be in the past plus the past participle shows passive voice.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

The meeting was cancelled.

The result matters more than who cancelled it.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The meeting
receiver
The event affected by the action is the subject.
was cancelled
passive_verb
A past passive result.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Core logic

Receiver first, doer optional

Passive voice changes sentence roles. In an active sentence, the subject does the action to an object. In a passive sentence, that object becomes the subject, and the old subject can disappear or move into a by phrase. Coffee is grown in Brazil focuses on coffee, not growers. Use passive only with verbs that can act on something: send a message, clean a room, build a house, choose a winner. Verbs such as arrive, happen, and sleep normally have no receiver, so they normally cannot become passive.
Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

Coffee is grown in Brazil.

This passive sentence focuses on coffee, not on the growers.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Coffee
receiver
The thing produced or affected is the subject.
is grown
passive_verb
Present simple passive for a general fact.
ひとまとまりで覚える
in Brazil
place
Extra information about place.
Core pattern

The core form: be + past participle

The core pattern is subject + be + past participle. Use am, is, are, was, were, been, being, will be, or modal + be as the grammar needs. The main verb must be the past participle, not the base verb and not always the simple past. The report was written yesterday shows past passive. For negatives, put not after be: The package wasn’t delivered. For questions, move be before the subject: Was the email sent? In short answers, repeat be: Yes, it was. No, it wasn’t.
Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

The report was written yesterday.

The tense is shown by was; written stays as the past participle.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The report
receiver
The thing created or affected is the subject.
was written
passive_verb
Past passive: was plus past participle.
ひとまとまりで覚える
yesterday
time
Time information.
Negative 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

The package wasn’t delivered.

Put not after the be form in a passive sentence.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The package
receiver
The affected thing is the subject.
wasn’t delivered
negative_passive
Negative passive: be plus not plus past participle.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Question 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

Was the email sent?

Questions in the passive use the normal question position for be.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Was the email sent
question_passive
Passive question: move the be form before the subject.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Sentence xray

X-ray a passive sentence

X-ray the passive sentence by finding four useful parts: receiver, be form, past participle, and optional extra information. In The file will be uploaded tonight, The file is the receiver, will be carries future grammar, uploaded is the past participle, and tonight gives time. If you are unsure whether a sentence is passive, ask two questions: Is there a form of be followed by a past participle? Is the subject receiving the action rather than doing it? Both answers usually need to be yes.
Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

The file will be uploaded tonight.

The passive verb group carries future time and passive meaning together.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The file
receiver
The thing affected by the future action.
will be uploaded
future_passive
Future passive: will be plus past participle.
ひとまとまりで覚える
tonight
time
Time information.
Contrast

Active, be passive, and get passive

Active and passive are not interchangeable in focus. Use active when the doer is important, responsible, or new information: A technician fixed the server this morning. Use passive when the receiver or result matters more: The server was fixed this morning. Add by only when the doer is useful: The server was fixed by a technician. Be passive is the neutral default in careful speech and writing. Get passive is more informal and often suggests something happened, sometimes unexpectedly: The server got fixed after lunch. For most B1–B2 writing, choose be passive unless you want that spoken feel.
Contrast 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

A technician fixed the server this morning.

Active voice is good when the doer is important.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

A technician
agent_subject
The doer is the subject in active voice.
fixed
active_verb
Active verb: the subject does the action.
ひとまとまりで覚える
the server
receiver
The thing affected by the action is the object.
this morning
time
Time information.
Contrast 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

The server was fixed this morning.

Passive voice is good when the result is more important than the doer.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The server
receiver_subject
The affected thing is now the subject.
was fixed
passive_verb
Past passive: was plus past participle.
ひとまとまりで覚える
this morning
time
Time information.
Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

The server was fixed by a technician.

Use a by phrase only when the doer adds useful information.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The server
receiver_subject
The affected thing is the subject.
was fixed
passive_verb
The neutral be passive form.
ひとまとまりで覚える
by a technician
by_phrase
The by phrase adds the doer when it is useful.
Spoken 文法：B2 語彙：A2 Informal

The server got fixed after lunch.

Get passive is more informal than be passive and can sound more conversational.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The server
receiver_subject
The affected thing is the subject.
got fixed
get_passive
Informal passive with get, often used in speech.
ひとまとまりで覚える
after lunch
time
Time information.
Form variations

Passive across tenses and modals

The passive can appear in many tenses because be carries the tense or aspect. Simple forms describe facts, habits, or completed events. Continuous passive uses a form of be + being + past participle for an action in progress: The article is being reviewed. Perfect passive uses have been + past participle for a result connected to another time: The tickets have been sold. Future passive uses will be + past participle, and modal passive uses modal + be + past participle. Your password can be reset here is useful when giving options or instructions. Keep the participle stable; only the be part changes.
Core 文法：B2 語彙：B1 Neutral

The article is being reviewed.

Use this form for a passive action in progress now or around now.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The article
receiver_subject
The thing affected by the action is the subject.
is being reviewed
continuous_passive
Present continuous passive: is being plus past participle.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

The tickets have been sold.

Use this for a passive result connected to now.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The tickets
receiver_subject
The affected things are the subject.
have been sold
perfect_passive
Present perfect passive: have been plus past participle.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

Your password can be reset here.

Modal passive is common in instructions, options, and rules.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Your password
receiver_subject
The thing affected by the action is the subject.
can be reset
modal_passive
Modal passive: modal plus be plus past participle.
ひとまとまりで覚える
here
place
Place or context information.
Danger zone

Common errors and boundaries

Common passive errors usually come from missing be, using the wrong verb form, or trying to make an intransitive verb passive. Mistake: The message was send yesterday. Corrected: The message was sent yesterday. The past participle is sent. Mistake: The package delivered yesterday. Corrected: The package was delivered yesterday. A passive sentence needs be. Mistake: The order was arrived yesterday. Corrected: The order arrived yesterday. Arrive has no object here, so there is no passive receiver. Also remember that some be + participle forms can describe a state; context tells you whether you mean a passive result or an adjective.
Mistake 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

The message was send yesterday.

The verb after be must be the past participle, not the base form.

Corrected 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

The message was sent yesterday.

Sent is the past participle needed after was.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The message
receiver_subject
The affected thing is the subject.
was sent
correct_passive_verb
Correct past passive: was plus past participle sent.
ひとまとまりで覚える
yesterday
time
Time information.
Mistake 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

The package delivered yesterday.

A passive sentence needs a form of be before the past participle.

Corrected 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

The package was delivered yesterday.

Adding was makes the passive form complete.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The package
receiver_subject
The affected thing is the subject.
was delivered
passive_verb
Correct past passive with be.
ひとまとまりで覚える
yesterday
time
Time information.
Mistake 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

The order was arrived yesterday.

Arrive is normally intransitive, so it cannot form a passive like this.

Corrected 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

The order arrived yesterday.

Some verbs do not take an object, so there is no passive receiver.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The order
subject
The thing that arrived is the subject, not a passive receiver.
arrived
active_intransitive_verb
Arrive is active here because it has no object.
ひとまとまりで覚える
yesterday
time
Time information.
Summary

Checklist for choosing passive voice

Use the be passive when the receiver, event, or result deserves the spotlight. Build it with subject + the right form of be + past participle. Put tense, negatives, questions, perfect meaning, future meaning, and modal meaning on be or on the auxiliary before be. Add a by phrase only when the doer is useful. Avoid passive forms with verbs that have no object. When you choose between active and passive, ask: Who or what should the listener notice first? That choice usually decides the voice.
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