Prepositions and particles A1 A2 B1

Prepositions of place, time, and movement

Use common prepositions to place actions and things in space, time, and movement.

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図解ガイド

Prepositions: choose the job first

PREPOSITION = relation word
(place/time phrase follows it)

START: what job does it do?
        │
        ├─ WHERE? position
        │   in / on / at
        │   The phone is in my bag.
        │
        ├─ WHEN? time
        │   at / on / in
        │   The meeting starts at nine.
        │
        └─ WHERE TO? movement
            to / into
            We drove to the airport.

Same place, different job:
The cat is in the box.        [position]
The cat jumped into the box.  [movement]

Ask what job the preposition does: position, time, or movement.

Introduction

Prepositions place the action

Prepositions are small words that attach a noun phrase to the rest of the sentence. They answer where, when, or which way. In The keys are on the table, on the table places the keys in space. Prepositions usually come before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase: in the room, at six, to the station. Learn them as useful chunks, because the same word can have a space meaning, a time meaning, and a fixed-expression meaning.

Core 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

The keys are on the table.

A preposition phrase answers where something is.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

on the table

place_chunk

places the keys on a surface

ひとまとまりで覚える

Cognitive metaphor

Place: container, surface, point

Think of many prepositions as small maps. In means inside a space, area, or container: The phone is in my bag. On means touching or belonging to a surface, line, page, road, or list. At means a point on your mental map: I'll wait at the door. Near, by, and beside mean close to; under, over, behind, and between show position in relation to another thing. The pharmacy isn't near the station shows that the whole phrase near the station works as one place chunk.

Core 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

The phone is in my bag.

In often means inside a space or container.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

in my bag

place_chunk

inside a container

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

I'll wait at the door.

At marks a point on your mental map.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

at the door

place_chunk

at a point or meeting place

ひとまとまりで覚える

Negative 文法：A1 語彙：A2 Neutral

The pharmacy isn't near the station.

Near, by, and beside show closeness; the negative says the closeness is not true.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

isn't near

negative_relation

says that two places are not close

ひとまとまりで覚える

near the station

place_relation

close to the station

Core pattern

Place sentence frames

Most place sentences use subject + be or another verb + preposition + place noun. There is a bank on this street. Are the glasses in the cupboard? With be, the preposition chunk often gives the main new information: at home, in the kitchen, under the chair. With action verbs, it often tells where the action happens: work in an office, sit on a bus, wait at reception. Use the article or determiner that the noun needs: in a box, in the box, on my desk.

Core 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

There is a bank on this street.

There is plus a place phrase is a common way to locate things.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

There is

existence_frame

introduces that something exists in a place

ひとまとまりで覚える

on this street

place_chunk

on a street as a line or area

Question 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

Are the glasses in the cupboard?

In questions with be, the preposition phrase still gives the place.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Are the glasses

question_frame

starts a yes/no question with be

in the cupboard

place_chunk

inside a storage space

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core logic

Time: point, day, period

Time prepositions use a different map. At points to an exact time or a short named moment: The meeting starts at nine. On names a day or date: We have class on Monday. In names a longer period, such as a month, season, year, or part of the day: It gets cold in December. For answers how long, as in for two hours, and since gives the starting point, as in since Monday. Until shows the end of a continuing situation: The shop is open until eight. By means no later than a deadline, as in by Friday.

Core 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

The meeting starts at nine.

At is used with exact times.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

starts at nine

time_frame

event plus exact starting time

at nine

time_chunk

exact clock time

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

We have class on Monday.

On is used with days and dates.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

have class

event_frame

have an event or lesson

on Monday

time_chunk

day of the week

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

It gets cold in December.

In is used with months, years, seasons, and longer periods.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

in December

time_chunk

month as a longer time period

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

The shop is open until eight.

Until shows how long a situation continues before it ends.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

open until eight

time_limit_frame

continues and ends at eight

until eight

endpoint_chunk

continuing endpoint

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core logic

Movement: destination and path

Movement prepositions draw a path. To marks the destination: We drove to the airport. Into means from outside to inside: She ran into the room. Onto means from off a surface to on it, as in onto the tray. Across goes from one side to the other, through goes inside a space and out the other side, along follows a line, past goes beside and beyond, and from marks the starting point. Choose the preposition that matches the whole path, not only the final place.

Core 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

We drove to the airport.

To marks the destination of a movement.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

drove to

movement_frame

travelled with a destination

to the airport

destination_chunk

destination of movement

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

She ran into the room.

Into shows movement from outside to inside.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

ran into

movement_frame

moved from outside to inside

into the room

path_chunk

entrance path

ひとまとまりで覚える

Sentence xray

X-ray the preposition chunk

Read a preposition phrase as one functional chunk. In The keys are on the table, the thing is The keys, the verb is are, and the core place chunk is on the table. In The meeting starts at nine, the event is The meeting, the verb is starts, and the core time chunk is at nine. In She ran into the room, the mover is She, the movement verb is ran, and the core path chunk is into the room. Each chunk answers a practical question: where, when, or where to.

Contrast

Position or movement?

The closest confusion is position versus movement. At, in, and on can describe where something already is; to, into, and onto usually describe a change of place. I'm at the station means my position is the station. I'm going to the station means the station is my destination. The cat is in the box gives a location. The cat jumped into the box gives a path from outside to inside. This is why be often chooses a place preposition, while go, come, move, put, and jump often choose a movement preposition.

Contrast 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

I'm at the station.

At describes position, not movement toward a place.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

at the station

place_chunk

position at a place

ひとまとまりで覚える

Contrast 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

I'm going to the station.

To describes the destination of movement.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

going to

movement_frame

moving toward a destination

to the station

destination_chunk

destination of movement

ひとまとまりで覚える

Contrast 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

The cat is in the box.

In gives location after the movement has finished or without movement.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

in the box

place_chunk

already inside the box

ひとまとまりで覚える

Contrast 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

The cat jumped into the box.

Into gives the path from outside to inside.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

jumped into

movement_frame

jumped from outside to inside

into the box

path_chunk

entrance path

ひとまとまりで覚える

Danger zone

Common danger zones

Some common English time and place phrases do not follow the simple map. Do not use a preposition before next, last, every, or this when they directly modify a time word. Mistake: I'll see you on next Friday. Corrected: I'll see you next Friday. With arrive, use in for cities and countries, and at for buildings, stations, events, or exact points. Mistake: We arrived to Paris. Corrected: We arrived in Paris. Also, go home and get home usually take no to, because home works like a direction word.

Mistake 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

I'll see you on next Friday.

Do not use on before next when next directly modifies a time word.

Corrected 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

I'll see you next Friday.

Next Friday works as a time phrase without a preposition.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

next Friday

time_chunk

future time expression with no preposition

ひとまとまりで覚える

Mistake 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

We arrived to Paris.

Arrive normally takes a location preposition, not to.

Corrected 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

We arrived in Paris.

Use in with arrive for cities and countries.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

arrived in

arrival_frame

arrived in a city or country

in Paris

place_chunk

city location after arrival

ひとまとまりで覚える

Summary

Choose by job, then learn chunks

Choose the preposition by the job of the phrase. For place, ask what kind of map you need: container, surface, point, or relation. For time, ask whether the time is a point, a day, a longer period, a duration, an endpoint, or a deadline. For movement, ask whether the phrase shows destination, entrance, surface change, crossing, route, passing, or starting point. Learn frequent preposition phrases as reusable chunks, then check difficult verbs and fixed expressions separately.

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Prepositions of place, time, and movement

Prepositions: choose the job first

Prepositions place the action

意味のかたまり

Place: container, surface, point

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Place sentence frames

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Time: point, day, period

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Movement: destination and path

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

X-ray the preposition chunk

Position or movement?

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Common danger zones

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Choose by job, then learn chunks

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