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文法
Verbs and tense A1 A2 B1

Present simple vs present continuous

Choose simple for general or repeated meaning and continuous for temporary, in-progress, or changing meaning.

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図解ガイド

Map view or camera view?

PRESENT: choose your view

[ MAP VIEW ]
wide picture = general / repeated
Form: present simple
She takes the bus to work.

        zoom in ↓

[ CAMERA VIEW ]
close picture = temporary / changing
Form: am/is/are + -ing
She is taking the bus this week.

Same action, different viewpoint
→ different present form.

Use the simple for the usual map; use the continuous when your camera is on a temporary situation or change.

Introduction

Two present forms, two jobs

English has two common present forms because they do two different jobs. The present simple presents something as generally true, normal, repeated, or scheduled. The present continuous presents something as active around a time: happening now, temporary, developing, or arranged. The difference is often not just clock time; both forms can talk about the present. The real choice is how you want the listener to see the situation: a stable pattern or a live situation.
Cognitive metaphor

Map view and camera view

A useful image is map versus camera. The present simple is like a map or profile card: it shows the usual shape of life. The present continuous is like a live camera: it shows what is active in the current scene or current period. In 'She takes the bus to work,' the bus is her normal travel pattern. In 'She is taking the bus this week,' the bus is a temporary choice. This image is not a rule by itself, but it helps you choose the form quickly.
Core 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

She takes the bus to work.

Present simple shows a normal travel habit.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

She
subject
the person the sentence is about
takes the bus
present simple habit
present simple verb phrase for a normal repeated action
ひとまとまりで覚える
to work
frequency or destination detail
shows the regular destination
Contrast 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

She is taking the bus this week.

Present continuous shows a temporary change, not necessarily a permanent habit.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

She
subject
the person the sentence is about
is taking the bus
present continuous temporary action
continuous verb phrase for a temporary situation
ひとまとまりで覚える
this week
temporary time frame
limits the action to a short current period
Core pattern

The core forms

Present simple affirmative uses subject + base verb, with -s or -es after he, she, and it. Questions and negatives use do or does, and the main verb stays in the base form. For example: 'Does he live near the station?' and 'He doesn't live near the station.' Present continuous uses subject + am, is, or are + -ing. Questions move am, is, or are before the subject; negatives add not after be. For example: 'Are they watching a film?' and 'They aren't watching a film.' Do not mix the helpers: present simple uses do/does; present continuous uses be.
Question 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

Does he live near the station?

Present simple questions use do or does plus the base verb.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Does
question helper
the present simple question helper for he, she, it
ひとまとまりで覚える
he
subject
the person asked about
live near the station
base verb phrase
the main meaning stays in the base verb after does
Negative 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

He doesn't live near the station.

In present simple negatives, use doesn't for he, she, it; the main verb has no -s.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

He
subject
the person the sentence is about
doesn't live
present simple negative
negative present simple with doesn't plus base verb
ひとまとまりで覚える
near the station
place detail
where the situation would be true
Question 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

Are they watching a film?

Present continuous questions move am, is, or are before the subject.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Are they watching
be question form
present continuous question with be before the subject
ひとまとまりで覚える
a film
object
what the action is about
Negative 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

They aren't watching a film.

Present continuous negatives use am not, isn't, or aren't before the -ing verb.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

They
subject
the people the sentence is about
aren't watching
present continuous negative
negative continuous verb phrase with be plus not plus -ing
ひとまとまりで覚える
a film
object
what the action is about
Sentence xray

Sentence X-ray: routine plus temporary change

Look at one sentence with both meanings: 'I usually work from home, but this week I'm working at the office.' The first part, 'usually work from home,' is present simple because it describes the normal pattern. The time word usually supports that repeated meaning. The second part, 'this week I'm working at the office,' is present continuous because the speaker sees it as temporary around now. The contrast is not between past and present; it is between normal pattern and current exception.
Contrast 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

I usually work from home, but this week I'm working at the office.

One sentence can use both forms when one part is a general routine and the other is a temporary change.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

usually
routine time marker
points to a normal repeated pattern
work from home
present simple routine
a regular way of working
ひとまとまりで覚える
this week
temporary time marker
limits the second action to a current short period
I'm working at the office
present continuous temporary action
a temporary situation around now
Usage rules

When each form is useful

Use the present simple for routines, facts, timetables, and many lasting states. 'Water boils at 100°C' is a general fact. 'The train leaves at six' is a fixed public schedule. Use the present continuous for actions in progress, temporary situations, changing trends, and fixed personal arrangements. 'Prices are rising' shows a change in progress. 'I'm meeting Sam after work' describes an arranged plan. Time words help, but they are not magic. Always ask what meaning you want: normal, repeated, and stable, or active, temporary, changing, and arranged.
Core 文法：A1 語彙：A2 Neutral

Water boils at 100°C.

Present simple is used for facts that are generally true.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Water
subject
the thing described
boils at 100°C
general fact
present simple for a scientific or general truth
ひとまとまりで覚える
Core 文法：A2 語彙：A2 Neutral

Prices are rising.

Present continuous can show that a situation is developing or changing.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Prices
subject
the thing that is changing
are rising
changing trend
present continuous for a change in progress
ひとまとまりで覚える
Core 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

The train leaves at six.

Present simple is common for timetables and fixed schedules.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The train
scheduled thing
the scheduled service
leaves at six
timetable present simple
present simple for a fixed public schedule
ひとまとまりで覚える
Core 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

I'm meeting Sam after work.

Present continuous can refer to an arranged future plan, especially with a time expression.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I'm
subject
I am, the subject plus be
meeting Sam after work
future arrangement
present continuous for a fixed personal arrangement
ひとまとまりで覚える
Contrast

Same verb, different viewpoint

The closest confusion is choosing the other present form when the meaning changes. 'What do you do?' asks about a general role, usually a job. 'What are you doing?' asks about the activity happening now. 'I live with my parents' sounds like a normal or stable home situation. 'I'm living with my parents while my flat is repaired' sounds temporary. The verb can be the same, but the viewpoint changes. Simple makes the situation part of the general picture; continuous makes it part of the current scene.
Question 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

What do you do?

This present simple question asks about a general role, usually a job.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

What do you do
question phrase
asks about someone's job or regular role
ひとまとまりで覚える
Question 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

What are you doing?

This present continuous question asks about someone's current activity.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

What are you doing
question phrase
asks about the activity happening now
ひとまとまりで覚える
Core 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

I live with my parents.

Present simple makes the living situation sound normal or stable.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I
subject
the speaker
live with my parents
stable living situation
present simple for a normal or lasting home situation
ひとまとまりで覚える
Contrast 文法：A2 語彙：A2 Neutral

I'm living with my parents while my flat is repaired.

Present continuous makes the living situation sound temporary.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I'm
subject plus be
I am, used to form the continuous
living with my parents
temporary living situation
present continuous for a temporary home situation
ひとまとまりで覚える
while my flat is repaired
reason and time limit
explains why the situation is temporary
Danger zone

Danger zone: state verbs

Many state verbs usually prefer the present simple because they describe a state, not an action in progress. Common examples include know, understand, believe, want, need, like, love, own, and have when it means possess. A common learner mistake is 'I am knowing the answer.' The natural corrected form is 'I know the answer.' Some verbs can be simple or continuous when their meaning changes. 'I'm having lunch' is fine because have means eat or take part in an activity. 'I have a car' uses simple because have means possess.
Mistake 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

I am knowing the answer.

Know is normally a state verb, so learners should not use it in the continuous for possession of knowledge.

Corrected 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

I know the answer.

Use present simple with state verbs such as know when describing a state, not an action in progress.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I
subject
the speaker
know the answer
state verb in present simple
present simple for a mental state
ひとまとまりで覚える
Exception 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

I'm having lunch.

Some verbs can be continuous when they describe an action, not a state.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I'm
subject plus be
I am, used to form the continuous
having lunch
action meaning of have
have means eat or take part in an action here, so continuous is possible
ひとまとまりで覚える
Contrast 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

I have a car.

Have is usually simple when it means possess or own.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I
subject
the speaker
have a car
possession state
have means possess here, so present simple is normal
ひとまとまりで覚える
Summary

Quick decision guide

Choose the present simple when you mean a general fact, repeated habit, normal situation, timetable, or lasting state. Choose the present continuous when you mean an action in progress, a temporary situation, a changing trend, or a fixed personal arrangement. In form, present simple questions and negatives need do or does; present continuous uses am, is, or are with an -ing verb. Frequency words often support simple meaning, and current-period words often support continuous meaning, but meaning decides the tense.
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