Pronouns A2 B1

Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns

Use myself-type pronouns for same-subject actions and each other for two-way relationships.

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図解ガイド

The mirror and the bridge

MIRROR or BRIDGE?

MIRROR = back to the same doer
(doer = the person/people doing the action)

    I  ───────────────►  myself
       action returns

    I cut myself.

BRIDGE = across to another person

    Maya ─────────────► Leo
    Leo  ─────────────► Maya
          two-way action

    Maya and Leo text each other every day.

Quick choice:
    back to the doer     →  -self / -selves
    between people       →  each other

If the action comes back to the same doer, use a -self word; if it goes both ways between people, use each other.

Introduction

Back to self or across to another

Reflexive pronouns are the myself family: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves. They usually show that the person or thing affected by the action is the same as the subject: I cut myself. Reciprocal pronouns are each other and one another. They show a two-way relation: Maya and Leo text each other every day. The key question is direction. Does the action come back to the subject, or does it go across between two or more people?

Core 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

I cut myself.

Use a reflexive pronoun when the subject and object are the same person.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

cut myself

reflexive_object

The action returns to the subject I.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

Maya and Leo text each other every day.

Use each other for a two-way relationship or action.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

text each other

reciprocal_relationship

The action goes both ways between Maya and Leo.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Cognitive metaphor

The mirror and the bridge

A reflexive pronoun is like a mirror. The subject sends out an action, and the action comes back to the same subject: Nora blamed herself for the delay. A reciprocal pronoun is like a bridge. The action crosses between people or groups: Nora and Leo blamed each other after the meeting. If the action goes to a different person and does not come back, use a normal object pronoun or a name instead. This mirror-or-bridge picture solves most choices quickly.

Core 文法：A2 語彙：A2 Neutral

Nora blamed herself for the delay.

The reflexive pronoun works like a mirror: the action comes back to the subject.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

blamed herself

reflexive_object

The subject Nora and the object herself are the same person.

ひとまとまりで覚える

for the delay

reason_phrase

Shows the reason for the blame.

Contrast 文法：A2 語彙：A2 Neutral

Nora and Leo blamed each other after the meeting.

The action crosses between two people, so use each other, not themselves.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

blamed each other

reciprocal_object

Each person blamed the other person.

ひとまとまりで覚える

after the meeting

time_phrase

Gives the time context.

Form variations

The myself family

Reflexive forms agree with the subject. Use I with myself, you with yourself, he with himself, she with herself, it with itself, we with ourselves, plural you with yourselves, and they with themselves. The special point is you, because English uses you for one person and for more than one person. You should be proud of yourself means one listener. You two should be proud of yourselves means more than one listener. Choose the reflexive form from the subject, not from a nearby noun.

Core 文法：A2 語彙：A2 Neutral

You should be proud of yourself.

Choose the reflexive form that agrees with the subject.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

be proud of

evaluation_phrase

A common adjective phrase with of.

yourself

reflexive_complement

Singular you uses yourself.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Contrast 文法：A2 語彙：A2 Neutral

You two should be proud of yourselves.

Use yourselves, not yourself, when you means more than one person.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

You two

plural_subject

Makes you clearly plural.

yourselves

plural_reflexive

Plural you uses yourselves.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core pattern

Reflexive sentence frames

The main reflexive pattern is subject plus verb plus reflexive object. Use it when the verb needs an object and the object is the subject again: He taught himself to cook. In questions and negatives, the reflexive pronoun stays in the same object position: Did you hurt yourself? I didn't enjoy myself at the party. Some verb phrases are very common with reflexives, such as teach yourself, hurt yourself, introduce yourself, and enjoy yourself. Learn these as useful action frames, not just as separate pronoun forms.

Core 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

He taught himself to cook.

Many verbs can take a reflexive object when someone acts on or for the same person.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

taught himself to cook

reflexive_learning_pattern

He learned without another teacher; himself is the object of taught.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Question 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

Did you hurt yourself?

In questions, the reflexive pronoun stays with the verb pattern.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

hurt yourself

question_reflexive_object

The question asks whether you caused injury to you.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Negative 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

I didn't enjoy myself at the party.

Some common reflexive patterns are best learned as chunks, such as enjoy myself.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

didn't

negative_auxiliary

Forms the past negative.

enjoy myself

fixed_reflexive_phrase

Enjoy oneself means have a good time.

ひとまとまりで覚える

at the party

place_time_phrase

Shows where the experience happened.

Sentence xray

Object, emphasis, and useful chunks

A reflexive pronoun can also add emphasis or appear in common preposition chunks. In She made the dress herself, herself means without help or personally; the basic sentence still works without it. In I live by myself, by myself means alone. In Check the answer for yourself, for yourself means personally, with your own eyes or judgment. When the reflexive only adds emphasis, it often comes after the noun it emphasizes or at the end of the clause. Do not confuse this emphasis use with a required object.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A1 Neutral

She made the dress herself.

A reflexive pronoun can add emphasis; it does not always function as an object.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

made the dress

completed_action

The basic action is complete without herself.

herself

emphatic_reflexive

Means without help or personally.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

I live by myself.

By myself is a common practical chunk meaning alone.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

by myself

alone_chunk

By myself means alone.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Spoken 文法：B1 語彙：A1 Neutral

Check the answer for yourself.

For yourself is useful when someone should see, test, or decide personally.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Check the answer

imperative_action

The main instruction.

for yourself

personal_verification_chunk

For yourself means personally, with your own direct check.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core pattern

Reciprocal sentence frames

Use each other or one another when two or more people, animals, or groups are connected in both directions. The subject must normally be plural or contain two parts. Each other is the most common everyday choice. One another has the same basic meaning and can sound a little more formal, especially with groups. Each other can also come after a preposition: Do the twins share clothes with each other? Use each other's before a noun for reciprocal possession: We know each other's parents. A negative works normally: They don't trust one another yet.

Question 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

Do the twins share clothes with each other?

Each other can be the object of a preposition.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

the twins

plural_subject

Each other needs two or more participants.

with each other

reciprocal_prepositional_phrase

Shows sharing between the two twins.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Negative 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

They don't trust one another yet.

One another has the same basic meaning as each other in modern English.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

don't trust

negative_verb

Shows a negative relationship.

one another

reciprocal_pronoun

One another is a reciprocal pronoun, often a little more formal.

ひとまとまりで覚える

yet

time_adverb

Shows the situation may change later.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A1 Neutral

We know each other's parents.

Use each other's before a noun for reciprocal possession or relationship.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

each other's parents

reciprocal_possessive

Shows possession or connection across two people or groups.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Contrast

Themselves or each other

The closest confusion is themselves versus each other. Both can follow a plural subject, but the direction is different. The players blamed themselves after the loss means each player blamed himself or herself, or the group blamed the group. The players blamed each other after the loss means different players blamed different players. Use a reflexive pronoun when the action returns to the same person or group. Use each other or one another when the action crosses between members of the subject.

Contrast 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

The players blamed themselves after the loss.

Themselves sends the action back to the subject.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The players

plural_subject

A plural subject can use either themselves or each other, but the meaning changes.

blamed themselves

reflexive_group_meaning

Each player blamed himself or herself, or the group blamed the group.

ひとまとまりで覚える

after the loss

time_context

Gives the situation.

Contrast 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

The players blamed each other after the loss.

Each other sends the action across the group.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The players

plural_subject

A plural subject can use a reciprocal pronoun.

blamed each other

reciprocal_group_meaning

The blame moved between different players.

ひとまとまりで覚える

after the loss

time_context

Gives the situation.

Danger zone

Common overuse mistakes

Do not use myself just to sound polite or formal. Mistake: Please call myself later. Corrected: Please call me later. The understood subject is you, so me is the normal object. Also do not add a reflexive after feel when feel means be or seem. Mistake: I feel myself tired. Corrected: I feel tired. English often leaves out the object for routine self-care actions: He shaved. Adding a reflexive there is possible only when the object is important, unusual, or contrasted with someone helping.

Mistake 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

Please call myself later.

Myself is not a polite replacement for me when the subject is not I.

Corrected 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

Please call me later.

Use an object pronoun when the subject and object are different.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

call me

normal_object_pronoun

The understood subject is you, so the object is me, not myself.

ひとまとまりで覚える

later

time_adverb

Says when to call.

Exception 文法：B1 語彙：A1 Neutral

He shaved.

English does not always use a reflexive pronoun for actions done to your own body.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

shaved

no_object_self_care

Routine self-care often uses no reflexive object in English.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Summary

Fast decision guide

Choose by asking four quick questions. If the object is the same person or thing as the subject, use a myself-type pronoun. If two or more people do the action to, for, or with one another, use each other or one another. If the pronoun is only a normal object and the subject is different, use me, you, him, her, it, us, or them. If the pronoun only means personally or without help, use the reflexive as emphasis, often at the end.

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Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns

The mirror and the bridge

Back to self or across to another

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

The mirror and the bridge

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

The myself family

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Reflexive sentence frames

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Object, emphasis, and useful chunks

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Reciprocal sentence frames

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Themselves or each other

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Common overuse mistakes

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Fast decision guide

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