Questions and negation A1 A2 B1 B2

Short answers, echo responses, and question tags

Reply naturally by reusing auxiliaries in short answers, echo responses, and question tags.

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図解ガイド

Reuse the auxiliary

REPLY VERB = the small grammar verb you reuse
(auxiliary: do / does / did / is / have / can...)

        sentence / question
                │
        find the reply verb
                │
      ┌─────────┴─────────┐
      │                   │
 already visible       not visible
      │                   │
   reuse it          add do / does / did
      │                   │
She is at home.       Leo likes tea.
Is she?               Does he?
Yes, she is.          He does, doesn't he?

Same reply verb, 3 shapes:
  Yes/No + person + reply verb
  reply verb + person?
  ..., opposite reply verb + person?

Find the auxiliary; if there is none, use do/does/did, then reuse it in the reply.

Introduction

Small replies, big grammar

English conversation often avoids repeating a whole verb phrase. Instead, a short reply carries the meaning with an auxiliary: 'Do you work here?' 'Yes, I do.' The same small-word logic builds short answers, echo responses, and question tags. These forms sound natural because they link back to what was just said. Learn to hear the auxiliary, or add do when there is none, and you can answer, react, agree, and check information quickly.

Core 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

Do you work here? Yes, I do.

Short answers usually reuse the auxiliary, not the whole verb phrase.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Do you work here

question frame with do-support

Use do before the subject for a yes/no question with an ordinary present verb.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Yes, I do

short positive answer

A positive short answer reuses do instead of repeating work here.

Core logic

Find the auxiliary

The key word is the auxiliary, also called the operator. If the sentence already has be, have, do, or a modal such as can, will, or should, reuse that word. 'She is at home.' 'Is she?' 'Yes, she is.' If the main verb has no auxiliary in the simple present or simple past, use do, does, or did. 'Leo likes tea.' 'Does he?' 'He does, doesn't he?' In tags and most short replies, replace the noun with a subject pronoun: Leo becomes he, the meeting becomes it.

Core 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

She is at home. Is she? Yes, she is.

With be, reuse be in echo questions and short answers.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

She is at home

statement with be

Be is already the key auxiliary-like verb, so the reply can reuse is.

Is she

echo question

An echo question repeats the auxiliary before the pronoun to show interest or surprise.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Yes, she is

short positive answer

The short answer keeps the same form of be.

Core 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

Leo likes tea. Does he? He does, doesn't he?

When there is no auxiliary, English supplies do, does, or did.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Leo likes tea

ordinary present statement

There is no visible auxiliary in this statement.

Does he

echo with do-support

Use does for a third-person singular ordinary verb in the present simple.

ひとまとまりで覚える

doesn't he

negative question tag

A positive ordinary-verb statement takes a negative tag with does.

Core pattern

Short answer pattern

Short answers answer yes/no questions with Yes or No + subject pronoun + auxiliary. Keep the same tense, person, and modality as the question. 'Are they late?' 'Yes, they are.' 'Did Sam call?' 'No, he didn't.' 'Have you finished?' 'Yes, I have.' 'Can we park here?' 'No, you can't.' A full sentence is possible when you want emphasis or clarity, but in normal conversation the short answer is lighter and more natural than repeating the whole predicate.

Question 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

Are they late? Yes, they are.

The short answer matches the auxiliary in the question.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Are they late

be question

The question starts with are, so the answer reuses are.

Yes, they are

short positive answer

This is the reusable frame Yes + pronoun + auxiliary.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Negative 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

Did Sam call? No, he didn't.

Past simple short answers use did or didn't.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Did Sam call

past simple question

Did marks a past simple yes/no question with an ordinary verb.

No, he didn't

short negative answer

A negative short answer reuses did and adds not, usually contracted.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

Have you finished? Yes, I have.

Perfect forms keep have in the short answer.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Have you finished

present perfect question

The auxiliary have is already present in the question.

Yes, I have

short positive answer

Reuse have in a positive present perfect short answer.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Negative 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

Can we park here? No, you can't.

Modal questions reuse the modal in short answers.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Can we park here

modal question

Can expresses permission or possibility in the question.

No, you can't

short negative modal answer

Reuse the modal can and make it negative.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Contrast

Negative questions and contractions

With negative questions, answer according to the real fact, not according to the negative shape of the question. 'Don't you like coffee?' 'Yes, I do' means I like coffee. 'Don't you need one?' 'No, I don't' means I don't need one. Positive short answers usually do not end with a contracted auxiliary: say 'Are you ready?' 'Yes, I am,' not 'Yes, I'm.' Negative answers can contract naturally: 'No, I'm not,' 'No, he isn't,' or 'No, he's not.'

Contrast 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

Don't you like coffee? Yes, I do.

English yes/no answers to negative questions follow the fact, not the wording.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Don't you like coffee

negative question

The question is negative in form, but the answer still reports the real fact.

Yes, I do

positive fact answer

After a negative question, Yes means the positive fact is true: I like coffee.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Negative 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

Don't you need one? No, I don't.

Use No + negative auxiliary when the real answer is negative.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Don't you need one

negative question

The speaker may expect or suggest a positive answer.

No, I don't

negative fact answer

No means the negative fact is true: I do not need one.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Mistake 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

Are you ready? Yes, I'm.

Positive short answers normally do not end with a contracted auxiliary.

Corrected 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

Are you ready? Yes, I am.

Say Yes, I am, not Yes, I'm.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Are you ready

be question

The question uses are, so the short answer uses am for I.

Yes, I am

uncontracted positive short answer

Keep the positive auxiliary full at the end of a short answer.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core pattern

Echo responses

Echo responses are not full answers; they show interest, surprise, or shared experience by echoing the auxiliary. A reaction echo sounds like a small question: 'I'm exhausted.' 'Are you?' With a negative statement, echo the negative auxiliary: 'I don't eat meat.' 'Don't you?' For agreement, use so + auxiliary + subject after a positive statement: 'I love this song.' 'So do I.' After a negative statement, use neither/nor + auxiliary + subject: 'I didn't understand.' 'Neither did I.' Informally, 'Me too' and 'Me neither' are common, but the auxiliary forms are more precise.

Spoken 文法：A2 語彙：A2 Informal

I'm exhausted. Are you?

Echo questions react to what someone said.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I'm exhausted

personal statement

The statement contains be: am.

Are you

reaction echo question

Use an echo question to show interest or surprise without giving an answer.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Spoken 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

I don't eat meat. Don't you?

A negative statement usually gets a negative echo question when you are reacting.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I don't eat meat

negative statement

The statement is negative and uses don't.

Don't you

negative echo question

Echo the negative auxiliary to react to a negative statement.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

I love this song. So do I.

So do I is an auxiliary-based way to say Me too.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I love this song

positive statement

The ordinary verb love has no visible auxiliary, so agreement uses do.

So do I

positive echo agreement

Use So + auxiliary + subject to agree with a positive statement.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Negative 文法：A2 語彙：A2 Neutral

I didn't understand. Neither did I.

Neither did I is an auxiliary-based way to say Me neither.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I didn't understand

negative past statement

The statement is negative and past, so the agreement uses did.

Neither did I

negative echo agreement

Use Neither + auxiliary + subject to agree with a negative statement.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core pattern

Question tags

A question tag attaches a mini-question to the end of a statement. The usual pattern is positive statement + negative tag, or negative statement + positive tag. Use the same auxiliary, or do-support if the statement has no auxiliary. 'The meeting starts at nine, doesn't it?' 'You aren't angry, are you?' The subject in the tag is normally a pronoun, not the full noun again. A falling voice often asks for confirmation; a rising voice sounds more like a real question.

Question 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

The meeting starts at nine, doesn't it?

Question tags use do-support when the statement has no auxiliary.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The meeting starts at nine

positive statement

The present simple verb starts has no visible auxiliary.

doesn't it

negative question tag with do-support

A positive present simple statement takes a negative tag with does.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Negative 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

You aren't angry, are you?

Question tags normally reverse the polarity of the statement.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

You aren't angry

negative statement

The statement is negative and uses aren't.

are you

positive question tag

A negative statement usually takes a positive tag.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Form variations

Useful tag variations

Some tags are fixed enough to learn as chunks. With I am, the normal tag is aren't I: 'I'm late, aren't I?' For suggestions with let's, use shall we in neutral or slightly formal speech: 'Let's take a break, shall we?' Imperatives often use will you, won't you, or can you depending on tone. Negative words such as nobody, never, and hardly make the statement negative in meaning, so the tag is usually positive. These are useful, but not every rare tag needs memorising at once.

Exception 文法：B1 語彙：A1 Neutral

I'm late, aren't I?

I am has an irregular-looking tag: aren't I.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I'm late

I am statement

The statement uses I am.

aren't I

special I am tag

The normal tag for I am is aren't I.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Formal 文法：B1 語彙：A1 Neutral

Let's take a break, shall we?

Let's often takes the tag shall we, especially in neutral or slightly formal speech.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Let's take a break

suggestion with let's

Let's makes a suggestion for you and me/us.

shall we

suggestion tag

Shall we is the common tag after let's.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Danger zone

Do not ignore the auxiliary

Two common mistakes come from ignoring the auxiliary. Do not use a universal tag such as 'isn't it' after every statement. Mistake: 'You like coffee, isn't it?' Corrected: 'You like coffee, don't you?' The verb like has no auxiliary, so the tag needs do-support. Do not answer an ordinary-verb question with the main verb alone. Mistake: 'Do you like tennis?' 'Yes, I like.' Corrected: 'Yes, I do.' If you choose a full answer, say 'Yes, I like tennis,' but the short answer still uses do.

Mistake 文法：A2 語彙：A1 Neutral

You like coffee, isn't it?

Do not use isn't it as a universal question tag. The tag must match the grammar of the statement.

Summary

One reusable skill

Short answers, echo responses, and tags all depend on the same skill: find the auxiliary and reuse it. If there is no auxiliary, use do, does, or did. Use pronouns in replies and tags, keep the real polarity clear, and avoid contracted positive auxiliaries at the end of short answers. Tags usually reverse polarity, while echo responses often keep or mirror what was just said. This one small system lets you sound responsive without repeating long sentences.

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Short answers, echo responses, and question tags

Reuse the auxiliary

Small replies, big grammar

意味のかたまり

Find the auxiliary

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Short answer pattern

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Negative questions and contractions

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Echo responses

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Question tags

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Useful tag variations

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Do not ignore the auxiliary

One reusable skill

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