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文法
Nouns and determiners A1

Singular and plural nouns

Form and use singular and plural nouns, including common spelling changes and irregular plurals.

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図解ガイド

Count first, then choose the noun form

COUNT THE NOUN
        │
┌───────┴───────┐
│               │
ONE             MORE THAN ONE
│               │
singular form   plural form
│               │
nearby words    nearby words
often match:    often match:
a / this / is   two / these / are
│               │
I have a book.  I have two books.

Plural form:
  usual: add -s       book → books
  spelling can shift  city → cities
  memory forms        child → children, sheep → sheep

First ask “one or more than one?” Then choose the noun form and let nearby words match it.

Introduction

One thing or more than one

Grammar level: A1. Vocabulary level: everyday A1 nouns. English count nouns usually show number: singular for one thing and plural for more than one. Singular often travels with a/an, one, this, or that. Plural often travels with a number, some, many, or any. I have a book. I have two books. The number form is part of the noun, so changing the noun can also change the words around it: verb forms, determiners, and question or negative patterns.
Core 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

I have a book.

Use the singular form for one countable thing.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I have
subject_and_verb
A basic possession frame.
ひとまとまりで覚える
a book
singular_noun_phrase
A singular count noun usually needs a determiner such as a.
Core 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

I have two books.

Use the plural form for more than one countable thing.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I have
subject_and_verb
The same possession frame can take a plural noun phrase.
two books
plural_noun_phrase
A number bigger than one is followed by a plural count noun.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Core logic

Count first, then choose the form

Start with two questions: Can I count it? Is it one or more than one? If yes and one, use a singular count noun. If yes and more than one, use a plural count noun. In questions and negatives, any + plural noun is very common when the number is unknown or zero. Do you have any questions? I do not have any apples. For existence sentences, use There is with one thing and There are with plural things. There is a chair by the door. There are two chairs by the table.
Question 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

Do you have any questions?

In questions, any often goes with a plural count noun.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Do you have
question_frame
A common question frame for possession.
any questions
plural_question_phrase
Any + plural noun is common when the number is unknown.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Negative 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

I do not have any apples.

In negatives, any + plural count noun often means zero.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I do not have
negative_frame
A negative possession frame.
any apples
zero_plural_phrase
Any + plural noun is common when the number is zero.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Core 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

There is a chair by the door.

There is introduces one countable thing.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

There is
existence_singular_frame
Use There is for one thing.
ひとまとまりで覚える
a chair
singular_noun_phrase
A singular count noun with a.
by the door
place_phrase
A reusable place phrase.
Core 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

There are two chairs by the table.

There are introduces more than one countable thing.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

There are
existence_plural_frame
Use There are for plural things.
ひとまとまりで覚える
two chairs
plural_noun_phrase
A number plus a plural count noun.
by the table
place_phrase
A reusable place phrase.
Core pattern

The regular plural pattern

The regular pattern is add -s to the singular noun: book/books, chair/chairs, car/cars. The meaning of -s here is more than one. It belongs to the noun, not to the verb. Practical chunks are a/an + singular noun, one + singular noun, number + plural noun, some + plural noun, and any + plural noun. A singular count noun normally needs a small word before it: a chair, the chair, my chair, this chair. A plural count noun can stand after a number or by itself when you mean the group in general: chairs, books, apples.
Form variations

Common spelling changes

Some plurals need spelling changes so the word stays readable. Add -es after s, x, z, ch, or sh: bus/buses, box/boxes, watch/watches. Change consonant + y to -ies: city/cities, baby/babies. Add only -s after vowel + y: boy/boys, toy/toys. Many f/fe words change to -ves: leaf/leaves, knife/knives, but some do not, such as roof/roofs. Some o words take -es and some take -s, so learn common forms as vocabulary: tomato/tomatoes, photo/photos. One bus, two buses. One city, two cities. The boy has two toys. The leaves are green.
Core 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

One bus, two buses.

Bus becomes buses because it ends in s.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

One bus, two buses
count_phrase
Words ending in s often add -es in the plural.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Core 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

One city, two cities.

City becomes cities because it ends in consonant + y.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

One city, two cities
count_phrase
Consonant + y changes to -ies.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Core 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

The boy has two toys.

Toy becomes toys because y follows a vowel.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The boy
subject
A singular subject.
has
verb_phrase
The verb agrees with the singular subject.
two toys
plural_object
Vowel + y takes regular -s.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Core 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

The leaves are green.

Many f or fe nouns change to -ves.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The leaves
plural_subject
Leaf changes to leaves in the plural.
ひとまとまりで覚える
are green
description
A simple plural description with are.
Form variations

Irregular plurals and same-form plurals

Some common plural nouns are irregular: child/children, person/people, man/men, woman/women, foot/feet, tooth/teeth, mouse/mice. These are not made with regular -s, so learn them as complete word pairs. A few nouns have the same form in singular and plural, especially sheep and often fish. The verb or determiner then shows the number. The child is asleep. The children are asleep. Two people are waiting. The sheep are in the field. In everyday English, people is the normal plural of person; persons is mainly formal or legal.
Contrast 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

The child is asleep.

Child is the singular form.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The child
subject
Child is singular.
ひとまとまりで覚える
is asleep
description
Use is with a singular subject.
Contrast 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

The children are asleep.

Children is irregular; do not say childs.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The children
plural_subject
Children is the irregular plural of child.
ひとまとまりで覚える
are asleep
description
Use are with a plural subject.
Exception 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

Two people are waiting.

Person usually becomes people in everyday English.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Two people
plural_subject
People is the everyday plural of person.
ひとまとまりで覚える
are waiting
verb_phrase
Use are with a plural subject.
Exception 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

The sheep are in the field.

Some nouns have the same singular and plural form.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The sheep
plural_subject
Sheep can be singular or plural; here the verb shows plural meaning.
ひとまとまりで覚える
are in the field
place_description
Are signals plural number.
Contrast

Do not confuse noun -s and verb -s

Closest common confusion: plural noun -s and verb -s. A noun with -s usually means more than one: dogs, books, apples. A verb with -s usually goes with one he, she, or it subject: runs, likes, has. Compare the whole sentence, not only the final -s. The dog runs every day. The dogs run every day. Another nearby contrast is this/that for singular nouns and these/those for plural nouns. This apple is fresh. These apples are fresh. The signals should match: not these apple, not two dog, not a books.
Contrast 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

The dog runs every day.

The -s in runs is verb agreement, not a plural noun ending.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The dog
singular_subject
A singular noun subject.
runs every day
verb_phrase
Verb -s goes with a singular he/she/it-type subject.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Contrast 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

The dogs run every day.

The -s in dogs is a plural noun ending.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

The dogs
plural_subject
A plural noun subject.
ひとまとまりで覚える
run every day
verb_phrase
The base verb goes with a plural subject in the present simple.
Contrast 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

This apple is fresh.

This is used with a singular noun.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

This apple
singular_pointer
This points to one nearby thing.
ひとまとまりで覚える
is fresh
description
Use is with a singular subject.
Contrast 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

These apples are fresh.

These is used with a plural noun.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

These apples
plural_pointer
These points to more than one nearby thing.
ひとまとまりで覚える
are fresh
description
Use are with a plural subject.
Danger zone

Countable nouns, uncountable nouns, and common mistakes

Not every English noun can take a simple plural. Some nouns are usually uncountable when they name a substance, activity, or idea: water, rice, homework, information, advice, furniture. Do not add -s to these meanings at A1 level. Use some, a lot of, or a measured phrase if you need a quantity. I need some information. I have a lot of homework. Mistake: I need an information. Corrected: I need some information. Mistake: I have two book. Corrected: I have two books. The number word and the noun ending must work together.
Exception 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

I need some information.

Information is usually uncountable and does not take plural -s at A1 level.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

some information
quantity_frame
Some works with uncountable information.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Exception 文法：A1 語彙：A1 Neutral

I have a lot of homework.

Homework is usually uncountable and does not become homeworks.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

a lot of homework
quantity_frame
A lot of gives quantity without making homework plural.
ひとまとまりで覚える
Summary

Your practical checklist

Check noun number in this order. First, decide if the noun is countable in this meaning. Second, decide if you mean one or more than one. Third, choose the form: singular, regular plural with -s or -es, spelling-change plural, or irregular plural. Fourth, make the surrounding words agree: a/an with singular count nouns, numbers and many with plurals, this/that with singular, these/those with plural, There is with singular, and There are with plural. When the plural is irregular or the same as the singular, learn it as a vocabulary item.
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