Clauses and linking B1 B2

Subordinating conjunctions

Link clauses for time, reason, condition, contrast, concession, and purpose with clear clause order.

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図解ガイド

Subordinating conjunctions: main idea + support

Subordinating conjunction = support hook

MAIN IDEA  +  support clause
I left early because I had a headache.
             └─ reason for the main idea

Two safe orders:

1) Main idea first
   I left early because I had a headache.
   main idea ───────► support
   comma: usually no

2) Support first
   When the train arrives, call me.
   support ─────────► main idea
   comma: yes

The first word shows the job:
because = reason   when = time   if = condition
although = contrast   so that = purpose

Use the conjunction to turn one clause into support for the main idea; if the support comes first, add a comma.

Introduction

Clauses that depend on a main idea

Subordinating conjunctions connect a dependent clause to a main clause. They answer questions such as when, why, under what condition, or despite what problem. The dependent clause cannot usually stand alone, so it needs the main clause to complete the message. Common subordinating conjunctions include when, before, after, because, since, if, unless, although, even though, while, and so that. Learn them as meaning signals, not just linking words: each one tells the listener how one idea depends on another.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

I left early because I had a headache.

A subordinating conjunction can place the reason after the main clause.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I left early

main clause

The main action or result.

because I had a headache

reason clause

Gives the reason for the main action.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A1 Neutral

When the train arrives, call me.

A dependent time clause can come before an imperative main clause.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

When the train arrives

time clause

Sets the time for the main action.

ひとまとまりで覚える

call me

main clause

The action to do at that time.

Core logic

Main clause plus support clause

The main clause carries the central action; the subordinating clause sets the situation around it. If the subordinate clause comes first, it usually prepares the listener, so we put a comma after it. If it comes second, it usually flows without a comma. Both orders are correct. The first order highlights the reason, time, or condition before the result. The second order gives the main message first and then adds the supporting logic. This flexibility helps you guide attention without changing the basic relationship between the clauses.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：B1 Neutral

Because the road was closed, we took a different route.

When the dependent clause comes first, a comma usually follows it.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Because the road was closed

reason clause

Introduces the reason before the result.

ひとまとまりで覚える

we took a different route

main clause

The result or main action.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：B1 Neutral

We took a different route because the road was closed.

When the reason clause comes second, no comma is usually needed.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

We took a different route

main clause

The main action comes first.

because the road was closed

reason clause

Adds the reason after the result.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core pattern

Two clause-order patterns

Use two reusable patterns. Pattern A: subordinating conjunction plus subject plus verb, comma, main clause. Pattern B: main clause plus subordinating conjunction plus subject plus verb. The subordinate clause must contain its own subject and verb; it is not just a loose phrase. In questions, the question structure normally belongs to the main clause, while the subordinate clause keeps normal word order. This is why a question can contain a calm, statement-like dependent clause after the question part.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

After the meeting ends, we can decide.

The opening dependent clause sets the scene before the main clause.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

After the meeting ends

time clause

Sets the time for the decision.

ひとまとまりで覚える

we can decide

main clause

The main action.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

We can decide after the meeting ends.

The same time clause can follow the main clause.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

We can decide

main clause

The main message comes first.

after the meeting ends

time clause

Adds the time after the main message.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Question 文法：B1 語彙：A1 Informal

Can you text me when you get home?

In a question, the subordinate clause normally does not invert word order.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Can you text me

question main clause

The main clause carries the question form.

when you get home

time clause

Keeps normal subject-verb word order.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Usage rules

Choose by logical job

Choose the conjunction by meaning. Time: when, before, after, while, until, as soon as. Reason: because, since, as. Condition: if, unless, as long as, provided that. Contrast or concession: although, even though, while, whereas. Purpose: so that, in order that. The word is not decoration; it is the logical label for the dependent clause. Do not choose by dictionary translation alone. Ask what job the clause performs: time setting, cause, condition, contrast, concession, or purpose.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A1 Neutral

I stayed inside because it was raining.

Because introduces a reason clause.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I stayed inside

main clause

The main action.

because it was raining

reason clause

Gives the reason.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A1 Neutral

If you need help, ask me.

If introduces a condition.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

If you need help

condition clause

States the condition.

ひとまとまりで覚える

ask me

main clause

The action that follows under that condition.

Contrast 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

Although the room was small, it felt comfortable.

Although introduces concession: the main result is true despite the first fact.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Although the room was small

concession clause

Introduces a fact that contrasts with the main result.

ひとまとまりで覚える

it felt comfortable

main clause

The surprising or balancing main result.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A1 Neutral

We spoke quietly so that the baby could sleep.

So that introduces purpose.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

We spoke quietly

main clause

The action taken.

so that the baby could sleep

purpose clause

States the purpose of the action.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A1 Neutral

I waited until the shop opened.

Until introduces the time when an action stops or changes.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I waited

main clause

The main action continued.

until the shop opened

time limit clause

Shows the endpoint of the waiting.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Sentence xray

See the sentence from inside

In the sentence Even though I was nervous, I gave the presentation, the opening clause names a difficulty, and the main clause says what actually happened. The conjunction does not make the ideas equal; it tells the listener to expect a surprising result. This same logic works with although and though. In speech, though can also come after the main idea, but the full clause form is clearer for B1–B2 writing. The x-ray question is simple: which clause is the support frame, and which clause carries the main event?

Contrast 文法：B1 語彙：B1 Neutral

Even though I was nervous, I gave the presentation.

Even though makes the main result feel surprising despite the first fact.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Even though I was nervous

concession clause

Names a difficulty or obstacle.

ひとまとまりで覚える

I gave the presentation

main clause

The action that still happened.

Form variations

Tense, questions, and negatives

In future time and condition clauses, English usually uses present forms after when, if, until, before, after, and as soon as, while the main clause can use will. This does not make the subordinate clause present in meaning; it is still about the future. Negatives stay inside the clause they belong to, so the negative meaning may belong to the main clause or to the dependent clause. Avoid will after the subordinator in this pattern unless will means willingness or refusal, which is a separate meaning.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A1 Neutral

If it rains tomorrow, we will stay home.

Future condition clauses usually use present forms after if.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

If it rains tomorrow

condition clause

States a future condition using a present form.

ひとまとまりで覚える

we will stay home

future main clause

The future result.

Core 文法：B1 語彙：A1 Neutral

As soon as she arrives, I will tell her.

As soon as works like a time trigger; the main clause carries will.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

As soon as she arrives

time clause

States the future time using a present form.

ひとまとまりで覚える

I will tell her

future main clause

The future action.

Negative 文法：B1 語彙：B1 Neutral

I cannot leave until the report is finished.

Until can set the point before which something cannot happen.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

I cannot leave

negative main clause

The negative main action.

until the report is finished

until clause

Shows the condition or time limit before leaving is possible.

ひとまとまりで覚える

Contrast

Common confusions and boundaries

Do not confuse subordinating conjunctions with nearby structures. Coordinators such as and, but, and so join ideas of similar weight; subordinators make one clause depend on another. Use one contrast marker, not two: although already carries the contrast, so but is usually unnecessary before the main clause. Also separate conjunctions from prepositions. Because introduces a clause with a subject and verb; because of introduces a noun phrase. Do not use because of before a full subject and verb.

Mistake 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

Although I was tired, but I finished the work.

Although and but should not normally be used together to link the same two clauses.

Corrected 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

Although I was tired, I finished the work.

Use although to subordinate the first clause; do not add but before the main clause.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Although I was tired

concession clause

Introduces the contrast or difficulty.

ひとまとまりで覚える

I finished the work

main clause

The main result without but.

Contrast 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

Because it rained, we cancelled the picnic.

Because is followed by a clause.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Because it rained

reason clause

Because introduces a full clause with subject and verb.

ひとまとまりで覚える

we cancelled the picnic

main clause

The result.

Contrast 文法：B1 語彙：A2 Neutral

Because of the rain, we cancelled the picnic.

Because of is a prepositional structure, not a subordinating conjunction.

意味のかたまり

単語ごとではなく、意味のかたまりで文を読んでみましょう。

Because of the rain

prepositional reason phrase

Because of is followed by a noun phrase, not a full clause.

ひとまとまりで覚える

we cancelled the picnic

main clause

The result.

Summary

Controlled longer sentences

To use subordinating conjunctions well, first identify the relationship: time, reason, condition, contrast, concession, or purpose. Then build a full dependent clause with subject and verb. Put it before the main clause when you want to set the scene; put it after when you want the main message first. Use a comma after an opening dependent clause, but usually no comma when it follows the main clause. Check common boundaries: not although plus but, not because of plus a clause, and usually present forms in future time or condition clauses.

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Subordinating conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions: main idea + support

Clauses that depend on a main idea

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Main clause plus support clause

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Two clause-order patterns

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Choose by logical job

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

See the sentence from inside

意味のかたまり

Tense, questions, and negatives

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Common confusions and boundaries

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

意味のかたまり

Controlled longer sentences

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