polymorphism
gb/pˌɑlimˈɔɹfɪzəm/ us/pˌɑlimˈɔɹfɪzəm/
C2
Английский
polimorfizmus, kristálypolimorfizmus, sokféleség, többalakúság
СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ
C2
TECHNICAL
1
Модель употребления:
polymorphism in [language/system]; use/implement/support polymorphism
Java uses polymorphism when a variable of type Shape can refer to a Circle or a Rectangle and call the correct draw method.
A Java polimorfizmust használ, amikor egy Shape típusú változó Circle-re vagy Rectangle-re hivatkozhat, és a megfelelő draw metódust hívja meg.
The library relies on polymorphism so that the same function can process several data types.
A könyvtár a polimorfizmusra támaszkodik, így ugyanaz a függvény többféle adattípust tud feldolgozni.
Polymorphism makes the code easier to extend without adding long chains of if statements.
Примеры для изучающих
Polymorphism lets one method work with many object types.
A polimorfizmus lehetővé teszi, hogy egy metódus sokféle objektumtípussal működjön.
The program uses polymorphism to handle different shapes.
A program polimorfizmust használ a különböző alakzatok kezelésére.
Частая ошибка:
Do not use it to mean any kind of code reuse. Inheritance can help create polymorphism, but inheritance and polymorphism are not the same thing.
Значение
one interface for many types
Коллокации
object-oriented polymorphism
|runtime polymorphism
|compile-time polymorphism
|subtype polymorphism
|parametric polymorphism
|ad hoc polymorphism
|polymorphism in Java
|support polymorphism
|implement polymorphism
|use polymorphism
Синонимы
genericity (Overlaps when the emphasis is on code written to work across types.)
|
dynamic dispatch (A common mechanism for runtime polymorphism, not a synonym for every kind.)
Антонимы
monomorphism (Use of one fixed form or type rather than multiple forms or types.)
Темы
programming
|software_development
|computer_science
Определение
In programming, polymorphism lets one command, method, or interface work with different kinds of objects or data.
A feature of a programming language or design that allows the same interface, operation, or function name to work with values or objects of different types, often with behavior chosen according to the actual type.
СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ
C2
TECHNICAL
2
Модель употребления:
a polymorphism in [gene/population]; the frequency of a polymorphism
The study found a polymorphism in a gene associated with caffeine metabolism.
A vizsgálat polimorfizmust talált egy, a koffein-anyagcserével összefüggő génben.
Color polymorphism helps explain why the butterflies in this population have several wing patterns.
A színpolimorfizmus segít megmagyarázni, miért többféle a szárnymintázata az ebben a populációban élő lepkéknek.
Researchers compared the frequency of the polymorphism across different populations.
Примеры для изучающих
This gene polymorphism is common in some groups.
Ez a génpolimorfizmus egyes csoportokban gyakori.
The frogs show polymorphism in their skin color.
A békáknál polimorfizmus figyelhető meg a bőrszínben.
Частая ошибка:
A polymorphism is usually a variation found in a population, not a disease by itself. It also does not mean simply 'many species.'
Значение
multiple forms within a population
Коллокации
genetic polymorphism
|DNA polymorphism
|single-nucleotide polymorphism
|nucleotide polymorphism
|allelic polymorphism
|protein polymorphism
|color polymorphism
|balanced polymorphism
|polymorphism frequency
|population polymorphism
Синонимы
genetic variation (Broader and more general; it may include rare variants too.)
|
variation (Less technical and usable in many non-genetic contexts.)
Антонимы
monomorphism (The condition of having only one common form or variant.)
|
genetic uniformity (Emphasizes lack of genetic difference within a group.)
Темы
biology
|genetics
|evolution
|medicine
Определение
In biology, a polymorphism is a common difference in form or DNA found among members of the same species or population.
The existence, within a species or population, of two or more common genetic variants, physical forms, or phenotypes, especially genetic variants.
СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ
C2
TECHNICAL
3
Модель употребления:
polymorphism of [substance]; [substance] exhibits/shows polymorphism
Pharmaceutical companies test for polymorphism because different crystal forms of a drug can dissolve at different rates.
A gyógyszergyártó cégek vizsgálják a kristálypolimorfizmust, mert egy gyógyszer különböző kristályformái eltérő sebességgel oldódhatnak.
Under pressure, the compound shows polymorphism and changes to a denser crystal structure.
Nyomás alatt a vegyület polimorfizmust mutat, és sűrűbb kristályszerkezetre vált.
The two polymorphs have the same chemical formula, but their polymorphism gives them different packing arrangements.
Примеры для изучающих
Polymorphism can change how fast a drug dissolves.
A polimorfizmus befolyásolhatja, milyen gyorsan oldódik fel egy gyógyszer.
The same compound may show polymorphism in the solid state.
Ugyanaz a vegyület szilárd állapotban is mutathat polimorfizmust.
Частая ошибка:
Do not confuse it with isomerism. Polymorphs are different solid forms of the same substance, not different molecules with the same formula.
Значение
multiple crystal forms
Коллокации
crystal polymorphism
|crystalline polymorphism
|solid-state polymorphism
|pharmaceutical polymorphism
|drug polymorphism
|polymorphic form
|polymorphism studies
|polymorphism screening
|exhibit polymorphism
|show polymorphism
Синонимы
crystal form variation (Plain descriptive phrase rather than a standard technical term.)
|
allotropy (Similar phenomenon for chemical elements specifically, such as carbon or sulfur.)
Антонимы
monomorphism (Existence in only one relevant solid or crystal form.)
|
single crystal form (Descriptive opposite, not usually a formal antonym.)
Темы
chemistry
|materials_science
|pharmaceuticals
Определение
In chemistry, polymorphism means that the same substance can form different solid crystal structures.
The ability of a substance, especially a solid compound, to exist in more than one crystal structure or solid form.
СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ
C2
FORMAL
4
sokféleség
B2
többalakúság
C2
Модель употребления:
the polymorphism of [something]
The critic admired the polymorphism of the artist's late work, which moved easily between media and styles.
A kritikus az alkotó késői műveinek sokféleségét csodálta, amelyek könnyedén mozogtak a különböző médiumok és stílusok között.
The essay discusses the polymorphism of modern identity in online spaces.
Az esszé a modern identitás online terekben megjelenő sokféleségét tárgyalja.
Примеры для изучающих
The word is formal; most people would say the idea has many forms.
Ez a szó formális; a legtöbben inkább azt mondanák, hogy valaminek sokféle formája van.
Частая ошибка:
This use is rare in everyday English. In normal conversation, say 'many forms,' 'variety,' or 'diversity' instead.
Значение
quality of having many forms
Коллокации
cultural polymorphism
|stylistic polymorphism
|social polymorphism
|linguistic polymorphism
|display polymorphism
|show polymorphism
Синонимы
multiformity (Formal word for the state of having many forms.)
|
variety (Much more common and less technical.)
Антонимы
uniformity (Sameness rather than many different forms.)
|
sameness (Simple everyday opposite.)
Темы
academic_language
|style
|abstract_concepts
Определение
In a very formal use, polymorphism means the quality of having many different forms.
The condition or quality of appearing in several different forms, especially in formal or abstract writing outside a specific technical field.
Грамматика
Словарная форма
polymorphism
IPA
GB/pˌɑlimˈɔɹfɪzəm/
US/pˌɑlimˈɔɹfɪzəm/
Слоги и ударение
poly - morph - ism (3 слога)
Stress on 3rd syllable (ism)
Формы слова
Noun
- Base: polymorphism
- Plural: polymorphisms
Выражения
ad hoc polymorphism
1/ˈæd hˈɑk pˌɑlimˈɔɹfɪzəm/
fixed phrase
technical
type-specific implementations under one name
Ad hoc polymorphism means the same name can do different things for different types.
Примеры
- The + operator often uses ad hoc polymorphism, since it may add numbers or combine strings depending on the types.
- Type classes in Haskell are a well-known way to express ad hoc polymorphism.
- Function overloading is a common example of ad hoc polymorphism.
Примеры для изучающих
- The same operator can work in different ways.
- That is ad hoc polymorphism.
balanced polymorphism
1/bˈælənst pˌɑlimˈɔɹfɪzəm/
fixed phrase
technical
variation maintained by selection
Balanced polymorphism means natural selection keeps more than one form or gene variant in a population.
Примеры
- Balanced polymorphism can preserve both alleles when heterozygotes have higher fitness.
- The sickle-cell trait in malaria regions is often cited as an example of balanced polymorphism.
- Frequency-dependent selection can produce balanced polymorphism in a population.
Примеры для изучающих
- Balanced polymorphism keeps two gene forms in a group.
- Selection helps both forms remain.
compile-time polymorphism
1/kəmpˈaɪl tˈaɪm pˌɑlimˈɔɹfɪzəm/
fixed phrase
technical
behavior chosen before running
Compile-time polymorphism means the compiler chooses the right function or method before the program runs.
Примеры
- With compile-time polymorphism, the compiler selects the overloaded function before the program runs.
- C++ templates are often used to achieve compile-time polymorphism.
- Compile-time polymorphism can improve performance because some decisions are made before execution.
Примеры для изучающих
- Compile-time polymorphism is decided before the program runs.
- Function overloading is a common example.
parametric polymorphism
1/pˌɛɹəmˈɛtɹɪk pˌɑlimˈɔɹfɪzəm/
fixed phrase
technical
same code for any type
Parametric polymorphism lets one piece of code work with many types by using a type variable or type parameter.
Примеры
- The same function can reverse a list of strings or a list of numbers because it uses parametric polymorphism.
- Generics in many languages are a common way to express parametric polymorphism.
- The identity function is a classic example of parametric polymorphism.
Примеры для изучающих
- A generic list uses parametric polymorphism.
- The code works for many types.
restriction fragment length polymorphism
1/ɹistɹˈɪkʃən fɹˈæɡmənt lˈɛŋθ pˌɑlimˈɔɹfɪzəm/
fixed phrase
technical
enzyme-cut DNA length variation
A restriction fragment length polymorphism is a DNA difference that makes enzyme-cut DNA pieces have different lengths.
Примеры
- Before whole-genome sequencing became cheap, researchers often used restriction fragment length polymorphism to map genes.
- A restriction fragment length polymorphism can reveal that two samples produce different DNA fragment patterns after enzyme digestion.
- RFLP analysis depends on restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the DNA being tested.
Примеры для изучающих
- Scientists can use an RFLP to compare DNA samples.
- The DNA pieces have different lengths.
runtime polymorphism
1/ɹˈʌntɪm pˌɑlimˈɔɹfɪzəm/
fixed phrase
technical
behavior chosen while running
Runtime polymorphism means the program chooses the right method while it is running.
Примеры
- The framework uses runtime polymorphism to call the correct render method for each widget.
- In C++, virtual functions provide runtime polymorphism.
- Runtime polymorphism lets the program respond to the real type of an object, not just the declared type.
Примеры для изучающих
- Runtime polymorphism chooses the method during the program.
- A virtual method can use runtime polymorphism.
single nucleotide polymorphism
1/sˈɪŋɡəl nˈuklioʊtˌaɪd pˌɑlimˈɔɹfɪzəm/
fixed phrase
technical
one-base DNA variation
A single nucleotide polymorphism is a one-letter difference in DNA that is found in a population.
Примеры
- The test looks for a single nucleotide polymorphism in the gene that affects how the body processes warfarin.
- Millions of single nucleotide polymorphisms have been cataloged in the human genome.
- A single nucleotide polymorphism can be harmless, helpful, or linked to disease risk.
Примеры для изучающих
- A single nucleotide polymorphism is a small DNA difference.
- Scientists often call it an SNP.
subtype polymorphism
1/sˈʌbtˌaɪp pˌɑlimˈɔɹfɪzəm/
fixed phrase
technical
subtypes through a common interface
Subtype polymorphism lets a more specific type be used where a more general type is expected.
Примеры
- The code relies on subtype polymorphism: any class that implements the Logger interface can be passed to the service.
- Subtype polymorphism lets the program treat a Square as a Shape while still using the Square's own drawing behavior.
- Many object-oriented designs use subtype polymorphism to reduce repeated conditional logic.
Примеры для изучающих
- A Dog object can be used where an Animal is expected.
- This is subtype polymorphism.