Языковые блоки

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Doer or cause

agent subject passive

Who or what makes it happen?

The doer or cause is the person or thing that carries out an action or makes something happen. It can be a person acting on purpose or something such as wind bringing about a change. Languages show this role through word order, endings, or context, and not all have a special marker for it. Cause explains why something happens, while this block identifies who or what brings it about.

Participants, events and states

Affected participant

direct object object passive

Who or what does it happen to?

An affected participant is someone or something that an event changes, moves, creates, uses up, or otherwise affects. It may receive an action or undergo a change without anyone doing it on purpose. Languages can show this role through endings or word order, but some have no special marker for it. Unlike Doer or cause, this participant is on the receiving or changing side of the event.

Participants, events and states

What the sentence is about

topic subject

Who or what are we saying something about?

A sentence can tell us what someone or something does, what it is like, or what happens to it. That person or thing is the center of the statement, even when it does not act. Languages may use word order or verb forms to link it to the statement, and some need no separate word when it is understood. Topic is the chosen starting point for a message and can be a different participant.

Participants, events and states

Recipient and beneficiary

dative case indirect object beneficiary recipient

Who gets it, or who is it done for?

Someone may receive a thing or a message, or benefit from what another person does. The receiver and the person who benefits can be different people, and an intended receiver need not actually get anything. Languages use word order, endings, or separate words to show these roles, sometimes without distinct markers for the two. How the recipient is marked looks at those forms; this block looks at who receives something or benefits.

Participants, events and states

Who feels, perceives or knows

Who feels, notices, or knows it?

Someone can feel, perceive, want, or know something without carrying out an action. This participant is the one who has the feeling, perception, desire, or knowledge. Languages may make this person the subject, mark them like a recipient or object, or use no special marker for the role. Unlike Doer or cause, this person need not choose or control what happens.

Participants, events and states

Tool or means

instrumental case instrument

What do we use to do it?

A tool or means is what someone uses to carry out an action. It can be an object, a body part, a way of traveling, or a way of sending information. Languages express this with separate words, endings, or context; some have no special marker for it. Tool or means identifies what is used, while How the tool is marked looks at the words or endings that connect it to the action.

Participants, events and states

Action and event

verb predicate

What does someone do, or what happens?

An action or event tells us what someone does or what happens. It may be deliberate, like opening a door, or happen without anyone choosing it, like a glass falling. Languages usually use verbs for this, sometimes with endings or helper words, but some do not mark time or person on the verb. Unlike State and existence, this block centers on something happening rather than something simply being a certain way.

Participants, events and states

State and existence

predicate predicative adjective linking verb there is / there are singular plural agreement adverbial

What exists, or what state is something in?

We can say that something exists, where it is, or what state it is in without describing an action. This lets us describe a situation, such as a room being warm or food being available. Some languages use a linking verb, a verb that connects something to its description, while others have no such verb or leave it out in some sentences. Identity and classification instead says who or what something is or which group it belongs to.

Participants, events and states

Identity and classification

predicate predicate noun agreement classification

Who or what is it, and which group does it belong to?

We can identify someone or something by name or say what kind of person or thing it is. This can point to one particular person or thing, or place it in a group such as teachers or birds. Some languages connect the two parts with a verb, while others have no such verb or leave it out in some sentences. Unlike State and existence, this block names or classifies something rather than describing its condition, location, or existence.

Participants, events and states

Participants

noun phrase noun pronoun

Who or what is involved?

Participants are the people and things involved in what we say, including animals, places, and ideas. They may act, have something happen to them, or simply be described. Languages name them with nouns or pronouns, but some do not require a separate word for every participant. Unlike Doer or cause, this block includes everyone and everything involved, not just what makes an event happen.

Participants, events and states

When and how long

adverbial of time adverb

When does it happen, and how long does it last?

Time expressions tell us when something happens or how long it lasts. They can name a clock time, a day, a starting point, or a length of time. Languages use separate words, endings, or context; some have no special endings for time expressions. Unlike Past, present and future, this block gives a time or duration rather than just placing an event before now, now, or later.

Time and place

Past, present and future

tense adverbial past tense present tense future tense

Does it happen before now, now, or later?

A speaker can place an event or state before now, in the present, or later. This helps the listener separate earlier events, current situations, and future events. Many languages use tense, a choice of verb form that marks time. Other languages, such as Mandarin, have no tense forms and use time words and context. When and how long gives a more precise time or duration; How an event unfolds tells us whether an event is in progress, complete, repeated, or connected to another time.

Time and place

Frequency

adverbial of frequency

How often does it happen?

Frequency tells us how many times or how regularly something happens. It can describe a single occasion, a habit, or something that rarely happens. Languages use words, phrases, or special verb forms for this, but many have no special verb form for repetition. Unlike When and how long, Frequency asks how often, not when or for how long.

Time and place

How an event unfolds

aspect continuous perfect past participle present perfect verb prefix

Is the event in progress, finished, repeated, or connected to now?

The same event can be presented as in progress, complete, repeated, or connected to now. This helps show whether we are describing an action as it unfolds, a habit, or a result that matters now. Some languages use special verb forms; others have no such forms and rely on other words or context. Past, present and future places an event in time, while How an event unfolds shows how we view it.

Time and place

Place

adverbial of place adverb

Where is it, or where does it happen?

Place tells us where someone or something is, or where an event happens. We can locate it inside something, on a surface, or beside another thing. Languages use separate words, endings, or context, and some have no special place endings. Unlike Direction and destination, Place describes where something is or happens, not where it is going.

Time and place

Direction and destination

adverbial of place adverbial of direction

Where is it going, or which way is it headed?

We can show where something is going or what it is directed toward. We can name a destination or just a direction, without saying that it is reached. Languages use words, endings, or parts of the verb, and some have no special direction endings. Unlike Place, Direction and destination describes where something is headed, not where it is.

Time and place

Starting point and origin

adverbial of place

Where does it start or come from?

We can show where something starts, comes from, or is taken from. This may be a departure point, a place of origin, or the person who provides an object or information. Languages use words, endings, or parts of the verb, and some have no special origin endings. Unlike Direction and destination, Starting point and origin concerns where something comes from, not where it is headed.

Time and place

Path

adverbial of place

Which route does it take?

We can say which route something takes as it moves or passes through. It can follow a line, cross an area, or pass through an opening. Languages mark routes with words, endings, or the verb itself, and some have no special route endings. Unlike Direction and destination, Path describes the way taken, not the place aimed for.

Time and place

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