Evidence / Source Signal
How does the speaker know?
معنی
A signal that marks whether information is seen, heard, inferred, assumed, reported, remembered, or generally known.
اسے کیسے پہچانیں
Ask whether the sentence shows the source of knowledge.
مثالیں
apparently|I heard|it seems|they say
I heard that|apparently true|it looks like
Apparently, the train is late.
Visual guide
claim: the train is late
^
evidence layer:
how does speaker know?
I heard / it seems / apparently
Apparently, the train is late.
Evidence choices: seen -> direct I heard -> heard they say -> reported it seems -> inferred apparently -> indirect
زبان کا جائزہ
آپ کی مادری زبان میں
Urdu has lexical source/evidence expressions but no obligatory evidential grammar.
لگتا ہے وہ آ گیا ہے۔
It seems he has come.
آپ کی سیکھی جانے والی زبان میں
English has lexical evidential signals such as apparently, reportedly, I heard that, but no broad obligatory evidential system.
Apparently, he left early.
apparently = evidence/source signal
Learners may not distinguish direct knowledge from reported information in formal writing.
Good transfer potential
This block behaves relatively similarly, so you can transfer intuition more safely between the two languages.