Evidence / Source Signal
Evidentiality
Reportative
Inferential
Quotative
How does the speaker know?
advanced
advanced
Speaker stance
معنی
A signal that marks whether information is seen, heard, inferred, assumed, reported, remembered, or generally known.
اسے کیسے پہچانیں
Ask whether the sentence shows the source of knowledge.
مثالیں
الفاظ
apparently|I heard|it seems|they say
فقرے
I heard that|apparently true|it looks like
جملہ
Apparently, the train is late.
Visual guide
Basic shape
claim: the train is late
^
evidence layer:
how does speaker know?
I heard / it seems / apparently
Apparently, the train is late.
Compare shape
Evidence choices: seen -> direct I heard -> heard they say -> reported it seems -> inferred apparently -> indirect
زبان کا جائزہ
آپ کی زبان میں
Urdu (standard)
موجودگی
weak
اہمیت
Urdu has lexical source/evidence expressions but no obligatory evidential grammar.
لگتا ہے وہ آ گیا ہے۔
It seems he has come.
سیکھی جانے والی زبان میں
Japanese
موجودگی
medium
مشکل کی سطح
Japanese has useful hearsay and inference markers, though not a mandatory evidential system.
電車が遅れているそうです。
I hear that the train is late.
سیکھنے والوں کا عام مسئلہ
Learners may confuse そうだ for hearsay with そうだ for appearance.
New in your learning language
This block is more central in your learning language. Give it extra focus in examples and practice.