proliferation
gb/pɹˌoʊlɪfɚˈeɪʃən/ us/pɹˌoʊlɪfɚˈeɪʃən/
C1
Angličtina
~ 5700
Významy
0 významů
Podstatné jméno
formal
C1
event
1
rapid increase in number or amount
A fast and big increase in how many of something there are, especially in many places at once.
Vzorec užití:
the proliferation of [things]
Častá chyba:
Learners sometimes use 'proliferation' when they just mean 'variety' or 'many different types'. 'Proliferation' focuses on a fast or large increase, not just diversity. Another common mistake is using it without 'of' (e.g., saying 'the proliferation guns' instead of 'the proliferation of guns').
Synonyma
spread (More general and slightly less formal; does not always suggest a fast or large increase.)
|
growth (Focuses on becoming larger over time; may sound more neutral or positive than 'proliferation'.)
|
explosion (Informal and figurative; emphasizes a very sudden and dramatic increase.)
Antonyma
decline (Suggests a steady decrease in number or amount, opposite of an increase.)
|
reduction (Emphasizes the act of making something fewer or smaller instead of allowing it to multiply.)
Kolokace
the proliferation of
|rapid proliferation
|proliferation of technology
|proliferation of social media
|proliferation of startups
|global proliferation
Témata
society
|business
|technology
|politics
|core_vocabulary
Příklady
- The proliferation of smartphones has changed how people communicate and work.
- Many residents are worried about the proliferation of short-term rentals in their neighborhood.
- Over the last decade, there has been a rapid proliferation of online streaming services.
- Experts warn that the proliferation of fake news can weaken trust in public institutions.
- Government incentives led to a proliferation of small solar power companies.
Učební příklady
- The proliferation of cars has caused more traffic in the city.
- There is a proliferation of coffee shops on this street now.
- The proliferation of websites makes it hard to find good information.
- We have seen a proliferation of new apps in the last few years.
- The proliferation of plastic bags is bad for the environment.
Podstatné jméno
formal
C1
event
2
spread of nuclear weapons
The fast increase in the number of nuclear weapons and the number of countries that have them.
Vzorec užití:
proliferation of nuclear weapons
Častá chyba:
Learners may use 'proliferation' alone when 'nuclear proliferation' is needed to make the meaning clear. In political and news contexts, 'proliferation' by itself often still needs a modifier like 'nuclear', 'weapons', or 'missile' to avoid ambiguity.
Synonyma
arms buildup (General increase in weapons; does not specifically focus on nuclear weapons spreading to more states.)
|
arms race (Stresses competition between nations to gain more weapons, not just the spread of them.)
Antonyma
nuclear disarmament (Refers to reducing or eliminating nuclear weapons, the opposite of increasing and spreading them.)
|
non-proliferation (Focuses on preventing the spread of nuclear weapons rather than reversing it.)
Kolokace
nuclear proliferation
|weapons proliferation
|proliferation of nuclear weapons
|proliferation risks
|proliferation threat
|proliferation treaty
Témata
politics
|military
|security
|international_relations
|law
|science
Příklady
- The treaty aims to stop the proliferation of nuclear weapons in the region.
- World leaders met to discuss new measures against nuclear proliferation.
- Analysts warn that continued proliferation could lead to a more unstable world.
- Efforts to control nuclear proliferation have been only partly successful.
- Sanctions were introduced to discourage further proliferation of nuclear technology.
Učební příklady
- Many countries are worried about nuclear proliferation.
- The UN works to limit the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
- Nuclear proliferation can make the world more dangerous.
- Some nations signed an agreement to stop nuclear proliferation.
- They held talks on how to prevent nuclear proliferation.
Podstatné jméno
technical
C2
event
3
rapid cell or tissue growth
Very fast cell growth, when cells divide and increase in number.
Vzorec užití:
cell proliferation in [tissue or organ]
Častá chyba:
Learners may confuse biological 'proliferation' with general 'growth'. In medical texts, 'proliferation' often implies a faster or more active process, sometimes abnormal, and is usually used with a specific noun like 'cell' or 'tumor cells'.
Synonyma
cell growth (More general and slightly less technical; does not always imply rapid or abnormal division.)
|
cell division (Focuses on the process of one cell splitting into two, not the overall increase in cell number over time.)
Antonyma
apoptosis (Technical term for programmed cell death that counteracts excessive proliferation.)
Kolokace
cell proliferation
|uncontrolled proliferation
|proliferation of cancer cells
|abnormal cell proliferation
|lymphocyte proliferation
|tumor cell proliferation
Témata
science
|medicine
|biology
|health
Příklady
- The drug is designed to slow the proliferation of cancer cells.
- Abnormal cell proliferation can lead to tumor formation.
- Researchers measured lymphocyte proliferation in response to the vaccine.
- Uncontrolled proliferation of skin cells is a symptom of this disease.
- These signals regulate cell proliferation during early development.
Učební příklady
- The doctor explained that there was rapid cell proliferation in the tumor.
- Some medicines try to stop the proliferation of cancer cells.
- Cell proliferation is a normal part of healing a wound.
- Too much cell proliferation can be dangerous.
- Scientists study cell proliferation to understand how tissues grow.
Gramatika
Slovníkový tvar
proliferation
IPA
GB/pɹˌoʊlɪfɚˈeɪʃən/
US/pɹˌoʊlɪfɚˈeɪʃən/
Slabiky a přízvuk
pro - lif - er - a - tion (5 slabik)
Stress on 3rd syllable (er)
Tvary slova
Noun
- Base: proliferation
- Plural: proliferations
Příbuzná slova
Forms
proliferations
noun
Core family
proliferate
verb C1
Related words
prolific
adjective C1
prolifically
adverb C1
Negative and opposite forms
non-proliferation
noun
Advanced or less common
proliferative
adjective
proliferator
noun
Výrazy
cell proliferation
1/sˈɛl pɹˌoʊlɪfɚˈeɪʃən/
fixed phrase
technical
rapid growth of cells
Very fast cell growth, when cells divide and increase in number in part of the body.
Příklady
- The treatment reduced abnormal cell proliferation in the liver.
- Cell proliferation plays a key role in tissue repair.
nuclear proliferation
1/nˈukliɚ pɹˌoʊlɪfɚˈeɪʃən/
fixed phrase
formal
spread of nuclear weapons
The fast increase in the number of nuclear weapons and the number of countries that have them.
Příklady
- International agreements try to limit nuclear proliferation.
- Nuclear proliferation remains a major concern for global security.
proliferation treaty
1/pɹˌoʊlɪfɚˈeɪʃən tɹˈiti/
fixed phrase
formal
treaty to limit weapon spread
A formal agreement between countries that tries to stop or control the spread of weapons, especially nuclear weapons.
Příklady
- They discussed possible changes to the existing proliferation treaty.
- Several nations refused to sign the new proliferation treaty.
weapons proliferation
1/wˈɛpənz pɹˌoʊlɪfɚˈeɪʃən/
fixed phrase
formal
spread of weapons
The fast increase and spread of weapons among different countries or groups.
Příklady
- The report highlights the dangers of small-arms and light-weapons proliferation.
- New controls were introduced to curb weapons proliferation in the region.