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Gramatika
Nouns and determiners A1

Singular and plural nouns

Form and use singular and plural nouns, including common spelling changes and irregular plurals.

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Vizuální přehled

Count first, then choose the noun form

COUNT THE NOUN
        │
┌───────┴───────┐
│               │
ONE             MORE THAN ONE
│               │
singular form   plural form
│               │
nearby words    nearby words
often match:    often match:
a / this / is   two / these / are
│               │
I have a book.  I have two books.

Plural form:
  usual: add -s       book → books
  spelling can shift  city → cities
  memory forms        child → children, sheep → sheep

First ask “one or more than one?” Then choose the noun form and let nearby words match it.

Introduction

One thing or more than one

Grammar level: A1. Vocabulary level: everyday A1 nouns. English count nouns usually show number: singular for one thing and plural for more than one. Singular often travels with a/an, one, this, or that. Plural often travels with a number, some, many, or any. I have a book. I have two books. The number form is part of the noun, so changing the noun can also change the words around it: verb forms, determiners, and question or negative patterns.
Core Gramatika A1 Slovní zásoba A1 Neutral

I have a book.

Use the singular form for one countable thing.

Stavební prvky

Čtěte větu po významových celcích, ne slovo po slově.

I have
subject_and_verb
A basic possession frame.
Učte se jako jeden celek
a book
singular_noun_phrase
A singular count noun usually needs a determiner such as a.
Core Gramatika A1 Slovní zásoba A1 Neutral

I have two books.

Use the plural form for more than one countable thing.

Stavební prvky

Čtěte větu po významových celcích, ne slovo po slově.

I have
subject_and_verb
The same possession frame can take a plural noun phrase.
two books
plural_noun_phrase
A number bigger than one is followed by a plural count noun.
Učte se jako jeden celek
Core logic

Count first, then choose the form

Start with two questions: Can I count it? Is it one or more than one? If yes and one, use a singular count noun. If yes and more than one, use a plural count noun. In questions and negatives, any + plural noun is very common when the number is unknown or zero. Do you have any questions? I do not have any apples. For existence sentences, use There is with one thing and There are with plural things. There is a chair by the door. There are two chairs by the table.
Question Gramatika A1 Slovní zásoba A1 Neutral

Do you have any questions?

In questions, any often goes with a plural count noun.

Stavební prvky

Čtěte větu po významových celcích, ne slovo po slově.

Do you have
question_frame
A common question frame for possession.
any questions
plural_question_phrase
Any + plural noun is common when the number is unknown.
Učte se jako jeden celek
Negative Gramatika A1 Slovní zásoba A1 Neutral

I do not have any apples.

In negatives, any + plural count noun often means zero.

Stavební prvky

Čtěte větu po významových celcích, ne slovo po slově.

I do not have
negative_frame
A negative possession frame.
any apples
zero_plural_phrase
Any + plural noun is common when the number is zero.
Učte se jako jeden celek
Core Gramatika A1 Slovní zásoba A1 Neutral

There is a chair by the door.

There is introduces one countable thing.

Stavební prvky

Čtěte větu po významových celcích, ne slovo po slově.

There is
existence_singular_frame
Use There is for one thing.
Učte se jako jeden celek
a chair
singular_noun_phrase
A singular count noun with a.
by the door
place_phrase
A reusable place phrase.
Core Gramatika A1 Slovní zásoba A1 Neutral

There are two chairs by the table.

There are introduces more than one countable thing.

Stavební prvky

Čtěte větu po významových celcích, ne slovo po slově.

There are
existence_plural_frame
Use There are for plural things.
Učte se jako jeden celek
two chairs
plural_noun_phrase
A number plus a plural count noun.
by the table
place_phrase
A reusable place phrase.
Core pattern

The regular plural pattern

The regular pattern is add -s to the singular noun: book/books, chair/chairs, car/cars. The meaning of -s here is more than one. It belongs to the noun, not to the verb. Practical chunks are a/an + singular noun, one + singular noun, number + plural noun, some + plural noun, and any + plural noun. A singular count noun normally needs a small word before it: a chair, the chair, my chair, this chair. A plural count noun can stand after a number or by itself when you mean the group in general: chairs, books, apples.
Form variations

Common spelling changes

Some plurals need spelling changes so the word stays readable. Add -es after s, x, z, ch, or sh: bus/buses, box/boxes, watch/watches. Change consonant + y to -ies: city/cities, baby/babies. Add only -s after vowel + y: boy/boys, toy/toys. Many f/fe words change to -ves: leaf/leaves, knife/knives, but some do not, such as roof/roofs. Some o words take -es and some take -s, so learn common forms as vocabulary: tomato/tomatoes, photo/photos. One bus, two buses. One city, two cities. The boy has two toys. The leaves are green.
Core Gramatika A1 Slovní zásoba A1 Neutral

One bus, two buses.

Bus becomes buses because it ends in s.

Stavební prvky

Čtěte větu po významových celcích, ne slovo po slově.

One bus, two buses
count_phrase
Words ending in s often add -es in the plural.
Učte se jako jeden celek
Core Gramatika A1 Slovní zásoba A1 Neutral

One city, two cities.

City becomes cities because it ends in consonant + y.

Stavební prvky

Čtěte větu po významových celcích, ne slovo po slově.

One city, two cities
count_phrase
Consonant + y changes to -ies.
Učte se jako jeden celek
Core Gramatika A1 Slovní zásoba A1 Neutral

The boy has two toys.

Toy becomes toys because y follows a vowel.

Stavební prvky

Čtěte větu po významových celcích, ne slovo po slově.

The boy
subject
A singular subject.
has
verb_phrase
The verb agrees with the singular subject.
two toys
plural_object
Vowel + y takes regular -s.
Učte se jako jeden celek
Core Gramatika A1 Slovní zásoba A1 Neutral

The leaves are green.

Many f or fe nouns change to -ves.

Stavební prvky

Čtěte větu po významových celcích, ne slovo po slově.

The leaves
plural_subject
Leaf changes to leaves in the plural.
Učte se jako jeden celek
are green
description
A simple plural description with are.
Form variations

Irregular plurals and same-form plurals

Some common plural nouns are irregular: child/children, person/people, man/men, woman/women, foot/feet, tooth/teeth, mouse/mice. These are not made with regular -s, so learn them as complete word pairs. A few nouns have the same form in singular and plural, especially sheep and often fish. The verb or determiner then shows the number. The child is asleep. The children are asleep. Two people are waiting. The sheep are in the field. In everyday English, people is the normal plural of person; persons is mainly formal or legal.
Contrast Gramatika A1 Slovní zásoba A1 Neutral

The child is asleep.

Child is the singular form.

Stavební prvky

Čtěte větu po významových celcích, ne slovo po slově.

The child
subject
Child is singular.
Učte se jako jeden celek
is asleep
description
Use is with a singular subject.
Contrast Gramatika A1 Slovní zásoba A1 Neutral

The children are asleep.

Children is irregular; do not say childs.

Stavební prvky

Čtěte větu po významových celcích, ne slovo po slově.

The children
plural_subject
Children is the irregular plural of child.
Učte se jako jeden celek
are asleep
description
Use are with a plural subject.
Exception Gramatika A1 Slovní zásoba A1 Neutral

Two people are waiting.

Person usually becomes people in everyday English.

Stavební prvky

Čtěte větu po významových celcích, ne slovo po slově.

Two people
plural_subject
People is the everyday plural of person.
Učte se jako jeden celek
are waiting
verb_phrase
Use are with a plural subject.
Exception Gramatika A1 Slovní zásoba A1 Neutral

The sheep are in the field.

Some nouns have the same singular and plural form.

Stavební prvky

Čtěte větu po významových celcích, ne slovo po slově.

The sheep
plural_subject
Sheep can be singular or plural; here the verb shows plural meaning.
Učte se jako jeden celek
are in the field
place_description
Are signals plural number.
Contrast

Do not confuse noun -s and verb -s

Closest common confusion: plural noun -s and verb -s. A noun with -s usually means more than one: dogs, books, apples. A verb with -s usually goes with one he, she, or it subject: runs, likes, has. Compare the whole sentence, not only the final -s. The dog runs every day. The dogs run every day. Another nearby contrast is this/that for singular nouns and these/those for plural nouns. This apple is fresh. These apples are fresh. The signals should match: not these apple, not two dog, not a books.
Contrast Gramatika A1 Slovní zásoba A1 Neutral

The dog runs every day.

The -s in runs is verb agreement, not a plural noun ending.

Stavební prvky

Čtěte větu po významových celcích, ne slovo po slově.

The dog
singular_subject
A singular noun subject.
runs every day
verb_phrase
Verb -s goes with a singular he/she/it-type subject.
Učte se jako jeden celek
Contrast Gramatika A1 Slovní zásoba A1 Neutral

The dogs run every day.

The -s in dogs is a plural noun ending.

Stavební prvky

Čtěte větu po významových celcích, ne slovo po slově.

The dogs
plural_subject
A plural noun subject.
Učte se jako jeden celek
run every day
verb_phrase
The base verb goes with a plural subject in the present simple.
Contrast Gramatika A1 Slovní zásoba A1 Neutral

This apple is fresh.

This is used with a singular noun.

Stavební prvky

Čtěte větu po významových celcích, ne slovo po slově.

This apple
singular_pointer
This points to one nearby thing.
Učte se jako jeden celek
is fresh
description
Use is with a singular subject.
Contrast Gramatika A1 Slovní zásoba A1 Neutral

These apples are fresh.

These is used with a plural noun.

Stavební prvky

Čtěte větu po významových celcích, ne slovo po slově.

These apples
plural_pointer
These points to more than one nearby thing.
Učte se jako jeden celek
are fresh
description
Use are with a plural subject.
Danger zone

Countable nouns, uncountable nouns, and common mistakes

Not every English noun can take a simple plural. Some nouns are usually uncountable when they name a substance, activity, or idea: water, rice, homework, information, advice, furniture. Do not add -s to these meanings at A1 level. Use some, a lot of, or a measured phrase if you need a quantity. I need some information. I have a lot of homework. Mistake: I need an information. Corrected: I need some information. Mistake: I have two book. Corrected: I have two books. The number word and the noun ending must work together.
Exception Gramatika A1 Slovní zásoba A1 Neutral

I need some information.

Information is usually uncountable and does not take plural -s at A1 level.

Stavební prvky

Čtěte větu po významových celcích, ne slovo po slově.

some information
quantity_frame
Some works with uncountable information.
Učte se jako jeden celek
Exception Gramatika A1 Slovní zásoba A1 Neutral

I have a lot of homework.

Homework is usually uncountable and does not become homeworks.

Stavební prvky

Čtěte větu po významových celcích, ne slovo po slově.

a lot of homework
quantity_frame
A lot of gives quantity without making homework plural.
Učte se jako jeden celek
Summary

Your practical checklist

Check noun number in this order. First, decide if the noun is countable in this meaning. Second, decide if you mean one or more than one. Third, choose the form: singular, regular plural with -s or -es, spelling-change plural, or irregular plural. Fourth, make the surrounding words agree: a/an with singular count nouns, numbers and many with plurals, this/that with singular, these/those with plural, There is with singular, and There are with plural. When the plural is irregular or the same as the singular, learn it as a vocabulary item.
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