Participants, events and states
Roles of participants
Affected participant
Who or what does it happen to?
direct object
object
passive
معنا
An affected participant is someone or something that an event changes, moves, creates, uses up, or otherwise affects. It may receive an action or undergo a change without anyone doing it on purpose. Languages can show this role through endings or word order, but some have no special marker for it. Unlike Doer or cause, this participant is on the receiving or changing side of the event.
چطور آن را تشخیص دهید
Ask who or what is changed, moved, made, used up, or otherwise affected, even if no doer is named.