confound
gb/kənfˈaʊnd/ us/kənfˈaʊnd/
C1
英語
~ 9300
összezavar, zavarba ejt, rácáfol, meghazudtol, konfundál, összekeveri a hatásokat, összetéveszt, összekever, átkoz, elátkoz
動詞
C1
FORMAL
1
összezavar
B2
zavarba ejt
B2
用法パターン：
to confound [someone] / to be confounded by [something]
The sudden change in his attitude confounded everyone in the office.
A hozzáállásában bekövetkezett hirtelen változás mindenkit összezavart az irodában.
Her calm reaction to the bad news confounded her friends, who had expected her to cry.
A rossz hírre adott nyugodt reakciója zavarba ejtette a barátait, akik arra számítottak, hogy sírni fog.
The novel’s shifting timelines may initially confound the reader.
The team was completely confounded by the opponent’s unusual strategy.
I was confounded by the sheer number of options on the form.
学習者向け例文
The new rules confounded many workers.
Az új szabályok sok dolgozót összezavartak.
The teacher’s fast explanation confounded the students.
A tanár gyors magyarázata összezavarta a diákokat.
I was confounded by the strange question.
His answer confounded me, and I did not know what to say.
The film’s ending confounded the audience.
よくある間違い：
Learners sometimes say *"I am confound"* instead of *"I am confounded"* or *"I am confused"*. Use the past participle: *"was confounded by"* or the adjective *"confused"*. Also, "confound" is more formal; in everyday speech, "confuse" is more common.
意味
to greatly confuse or puzzle
コロケーション
utterly confound
|completely confound
|confound the reader
|confound the audience
|leave [someone] confounded
類義語
bewilder (Suggests someone is left mentally lost or turning in circles, often slightly stronger emotionally than "confound".)
|
perplex (Very close in meaning; often slightly more formal and focused on intellectual difficulty.)
対義語
clarify (Means to make something easier to understand, the opposite of causing confusion.)
|
enlighten (Means to give someone clear understanding or knowledge, undoing confusion.)
テーマ
thinking
|communication
|emotions
|core_vocabulary
定義
To make someone feel very confused so that they do not understand what is happening or why.
To cause someone to feel great confusion so that they cannot easily understand or explain something.
C1
FORMAL
2
rácáfol
B2
meghazudtol
C1
用法パターン：
to confound [someone’s] expectations / to confound [the critics, experts, doubters]
The small startup confounded expectations by becoming profitable in its first year.
A kis startup rácáfolt a várakozásokra azzal, hogy már az első évében nyereségessé vált.
Her election to the board confounded critics who had dismissed her as inexperienced.
Az igazgatótanácsba való megválasztása rácáfolt azoknak a bírálóknak a véleményére, akik tapasztalatlannak tartották.
The experiment’s results confounded predictions based on earlier studies.
The athlete confounded his doubters with a record-breaking performance.
This rapid growth has confounded even the most optimistic forecasts.
学習者向け例文
The team’s win confounded expectations.
A csapat győzelme rácáfolt a várakozásokra.
His success confounded people who thought he would fail.
A sikere rácáfolt azok véleményére, akik azt hitték, hogy el fog bukni.
The results confounded the experts.
The company’s fast growth confounded its rivals.
Her calm, clear speech confounded her critics.
よくある間違い：
Learners may confuse this sense with simple confusion and translate it as just "to confuse." In this meaning, *"confound"* usually takes abstract objects like *"expectations," "predictions," "critics"*, and it carries the idea of **proving them wrong**, not just making them unclear.
意味
to prove expectations or predictions wrong
コロケーション
confound expectations
|confound predictions
|confound the critics
|confound the experts
|confound his doubters
類義語
defy (Emphasizes going strongly against what was expected or usual, often with a brave or bold feeling.)
|
disprove (Focuses on showing that an idea or claim is not true; more technical and less about emotional surprise than "confound".)
対義語
confirm (Means to show that expectations or predictions were correct, the opposite of proving them wrong.)
テーマ
thinking
|media
|success
|core_vocabulary
定義
To do something very different from what people expected, so their ideas or predictions are shown to be wrong.
To surprise or defeat expectations, predictions, or critics by behaving in a way that clearly shows they were wrong.
動詞
C2
TECHNICAL
3
用法パターン：
[factor] confounds [results / variable]
Age can confound the results if it is not properly controlled in the study design.
Az életkor konfundálhatja az eredményeket, ha ezt nem kontrollálják megfelelően a kutatási tervben.
Smoking status may confound the relationship between exercise and heart disease.
A dohányzási státusz konfundálhatja a testmozgás és a szívbetegség közötti kapcsolatot.
The researchers adjusted for variables that could confound the association they were testing.
Unmeasured lifestyle factors may still confound the trial’s findings.
Failure to randomize participants can seriously confound the conclusions of an experiment.
学習者向け例文
If we do not control age, it may confound the results.
Ha nem kontrolláljuk az életkort, az konfundálhatja az eredményeket.
Other health problems can confound the study’s findings.
Más egészségügyi problémák konfundálhatják a vizsgálat eredményeit.
The new drug’s effect is confounded by the small sample size.
Many outside factors can confound this kind of research.
They worried that diet would confound the results of the test.
よくある間違い：
Learners sometimes think a "confounding variable" is just a "confusing" variable in a general sense. In statistics it specifically means a variable that is related to both the cause and the outcome and therefore mixes or hides the true effect.
意味
to mix up variables in research
コロケーション
confounding variable
|confounding factor
|factors that confound the results
|confound the analysis
|confound the findings
類義語
distort (Highlights that the results are bent away from the true value; less specific to statistics than "confound".)
|
obscure (Emphasizes that the true relationship is hidden or made hard to see.)
対義語
control (In research, to keep a factor constant so it does not change the results, the opposite of allowing it to confound them.)
テーマ
science
|statistics
|research
|education
定義
In studies or experiments, to make it hard to see what really causes a result because one thing’s effect is mixed with another thing’s effect.
In research or statistics, to mix the effect of one factor with another so that their separate influences on the result cannot be clearly distinguished.
動詞
C2
FORMAL
4
összetéveszt
B1
összekever
B1
用法パターン：
to confound [A] with [B]
These two legal concepts should not be confounded with one another.
Ezt a két jogi fogalmat nem szabad egymással összetéveszteni.
Freedom of speech is often confounded with freedom from criticism.
A szólásszabadságot gyakran összetévesztik a kritikától való mentességgel.
The two species are frequently confounded because they look so similar.
Cost is sometimes confounded with value in public debates.
In popular writing, risk is regularly confounded with uncertainty.
学習者向け例文
Price is often confounded with quality.
Az árat gyakran összetévesztik a minőséggel.
These two words are often confounded by learners.
A tanulók gyakran összetévesztik ezt a két szót.
Happiness should not be confounded with money.
The two ideas are similar, but do not confound them.
Her name was confounded with her sister’s name.
よくある間違い：
Learners may say *"confound A for B"* by analogy with *"mistake A for B"*. The usual pattern with "confound" is *"confound A with B"*.
意味
to mix up two things
コロケーション
confound A with B
|easily confounded
|frequently confounded with
|must not be confounded with
類義語
confuse (The everyday word; it can be used in more situations, while "confound" here is mainly formal and written.)
|
mistake (Often used in the phrase "mistake A for B"; slightly less formal than "confound A with B".)
対義語
distinguish (Means to see or show the difference between things, the opposite of mixing them up.)
テーマ
thinking
|language
|core_vocabulary
定義
To think that one thing is another thing, or to mix two things in your mind so you do not see the difference.
To wrongly treat two different things, people, or ideas as if they were the same; to confuse them with each other.
動詞
C2
LITERARY
5
用法パターン：
"Confound [it / you / them]!" / "May [something] confound [someone]!"
"Confound it!" he muttered as the engine stalled again.
„A fene egye meg!” mormolta, amikor a motor megint lefulladt.
"May misfortune confound our enemies," the general declared in the novel.
„Átok sújtsa ellenségeinket” — jelentette ki a tábornok a regényben.
"Confound you," she said under her breath, slamming the door.
In the play, the old man cries, "Confound these useless machines!"
"Confound their schemes," the king exclaimed, refusing to sign the treaty.
学習者向け例文
In the old movie, a man shouts, "Confound it!" when his car stops.
A régi filmben egy férfi azt kiáltja: „A fene egye meg!”, amikor megáll az autója.
The book has a character who says, "Confound you" when he is angry.
A könyvben van egy szereplő, aki azt mondja: „Átkozott légy!”, amikor mérges.
The angry king says, "Confound their plans!" in the story.
This kind of "confound" is old and literary; people do not say it in daily life.
The writer uses "Confound it" instead of a strong bad word.
よくある間違い：
Learners may think this sense is common today. In modern everyday English, people almost never say *"Confound it!"*; they use other, often stronger, exclamations instead. This use is mostly found in older books or in writing that imitates them.
意味
to curse or wish harm on
コロケーション
confound it
|confound you
|may God confound
|confound their plans
類義語
damn (A more common modern curse word; usually harsher and more direct than the old-fashioned "confound" in this sense.)
対義語
bless (Means to wish good things or protection for someone, the opposite of cursing them.)
テーマ
emotions
|literature
|communication
|core_vocabulary
定義
To say in an old, polite-sounding way that you are angry with someone or something and you want trouble for them, like a mild curse.
To curse or express a wish that someone or something be frustrated, harmed, or ruined, now mainly in old-fashioned or literary language and set phrases.
文法
辞書形
confound
IPA
GB/kənfˈaʊnd/
US/kənfˈaʊnd/
音節・強勢
con - found （2音節）
Stress on 2nd syllable (found)
活用形
Verb
- Base: confound
- 3rd Person Singular: confounds
- Present Participle: confounding
- Past: confounded
関連語
Forms
confounds
verb
confounding
verb
confounded
verb
Core family
confounder
noun C1
Advanced or less common
confoundingly
adverb
表現
be confounded by
1/bˈi kənfˈaʊndɪd bˈaɪ/
fixed phrase
formal
to be greatly puzzled by
To feel very confused because of something and not understand it.
例文
- I was confounded by the sudden change in his behaviour.
- Many readers are confounded by the book’s non‑linear structure.
confound expectations
1/kənfˈaʊnd ˌɛkspɛktˈeɪʃənz/
fixed phrase
formal
to prove expectations wrong
To do something very different from what people expected, so their expectations are shown to be wrong.
例文
- The film confounded expectations by becoming a global hit despite its tiny budget.
- Her quiet but brilliant performance confounded expectations about first‑time actors.
confound it
1/kənfˈaʊnd ˈɪt/
idiom
literary
old-fashioned cry of annoyance
An old, polite-sounding way to shout when you are angry or annoyed, similar to saying "Damn it" but less strong.
例文
- "Confound it!" he cried as the glass slipped from his hand and broke on the floor.
- "Confound it, I’m late again," the old gentleman muttered, checking his watch.
confounding variable
1/kənfˈaʊndɪŋ vˈɛɹiəbəl/
fixed phrase
technical
hidden factor affecting study results
In research, a changing thing that affects the result and makes it hard to know if another thing is really the cause.
例文
- Age can act as a confounding variable in medical studies if it is not controlled.
- The researchers adjusted for several confounding variables, including income and education.