Politeness / Register
What relationship and tone are we using?
Reikšmė
The social layer of language: formal, informal, polite, intimate, respectful, rude, professional, child-directed, or peer-like.
Kaip atpažinti
Notice whether the wording changes depending on who speaks to whom.
Pavyzdžiai
please|sir|formal you|informal you|honorific
Could you please|tu vs usted|Mr. Smith
Could you help me, please?
Visual guide
message: help me
^
social layer:
who talks to whom?
formal / polite / peer / rude
Could you help me, please?
How languages mark E11: pronoun: tu vs usted verb form: polite ending word: sir / Mr. Smith particle: please style: direct -> indirect
Kalbos rodinys
Jūsų gimtojoje kalboje
English politeness is often encoded through modal choice, indirectness, intonation, and formulaic phrases.
Could you help me, please?
could you please = polite request
Kalboje, kurios mokotės
Spanish marks social relation through pronouns, verb forms, titles, and indirectness; regional variation is important.
¿Tú quieres? ¿Usted quiere?
Do you want? informal/formal
Learners may use tú where usted is expected or ignore regional differences like vosotros/ustedes/vos.
Same block, different coding
Both languages use this block strongly, but they signal it differently. Focus on form changes, not only meaning.