F01
booster
Information structure
Focus
Spotlight / Focus
What is the most important new information?
intermediate
Focus
Emphasis
Cleft
Contrastive focus
Maksud
The part of the message that carries the main emphasis, contrast, correction, or answer to the current question.
Cara mengenalinya
Ask which part would be stressed or corrected in context.
Contoh
Perkataan
only|even|it was|not X but Y
Frasa
it was Anna who|ANNA did it|only Peter
Ayat
Anna bought the book, not Peter.
Visual guide
Basic shape
Message = background + focus Who bought the book? background: bought the book FOCUS: Anna Anna bought the book. = Anna, not Peter
Compare shape
Same focus, many shapes Stress: ANNA did it Cleft: it was Anna who... Particle: only Peter Contrast: not X but Y Word order/focus slot may mark it Task: find the spotlight
Paparan bahasa
Dalam bahasa ibunda Anda
Inggeris
Kehadiran
strong
Kepentingan
English uses stress, cleft sentences, fronting, and context to mark focus.
It was John who called.
John = focused information
Dalam bahasa yang Anda pelajari
Sepanyol
Kehadiran
strong
Tahap kesukaran
Focus can be shown through stress, word order, clefting, and focus expressions.
Fue Ana quien llamó.
It was Ana who called.
Masalah lazim pelajar
Learners may miss that changing position or stress changes what is emphasized.
Same block, different coding
Both languages use this block strongly, but they signal it differently. Focus on form changes, not only meaning.