Organizing the message
Who or what is meant
Specific or general
Is it known, new, specific, or general?
article
definite article
indefinite article
zero article
general reference
Maksud
How the speaker expects the listener to identify a participant: new, known, specific, nonspecific, generic, unique, or shared.
Cara mengenalinya
Ask whether the listener already knows which thing is meant.
Visual guide
Reference choice new thing -> a dog known thing -> the dog pointed thing -> this book any one -> any dog whole kind -> dogs