Organizing the message
New and known
New and known information
Does the listener already know this?
known information
new information
Kahulugan
Speakers help listeners keep track of what is being introduced and what is already familiar. This lets the listener connect each new message to what they already know from the conversation or situation. Languages use articles, pronouns, word order, or stress, and those without articles rely on other signals and context. Specific or general asks which thing or kind is meant; this block asks whether the listener can already identify it or knows about it.
Paano ito matukoy
Follow how people and things are introduced and mentioned again, including those the listener can identify from the shared situation.