Quoted / Reported Speech
Direct speech
Indirect speech
Reported speech
Who said or thought it?
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advanced
Information structure
Makna
A structure that reports speech, thought, belief, command, or question directly or indirectly.
Cara mengenalinya
Ask whose words or thoughts are being represented.
Contoh
Kata
said|told|asked|thought|quoted
Frasa
he said that|she asked if|according to him
Kalimat
She said that she was tired.
Visual guide
Basic shape
SPEAKER / THINKER
She said [that she was tired].
[reported thought]
Ask: whose words?
→ She represents them.
Compare shape
Direct quote: She said, "I am tired." Indirect report: She said [that she was tired]. Check shifts: I→she, am→was.
Tinjauan bahasa
Dalam bahasa Anda
Indonesian (standard)
Kemunculan
strong
Tingkat kepentingan
Reported speech uses verbs like berkata/mengatakan and optional bahwa; tense is contextual.
Dia berkata bahwa dia lelah.
He/she said that he/she tired.
Dalam bahasa yang dipelajari
Japanese
Kemunculan
strong
Tingkat kesulitan
Reported speech commonly uses the quotative particle と and speech verbs.
彼女は疲れたと言った。
She said that she was tired.
Kendala umum pembelajar
Learners may omit と or mishandle tense and politeness inside quoted content.
Same block, different coding
Both languages use this block strongly, but they signal it differently. Focus on form changes, not only meaning.