Quoted / Reported Speech
Who said or thought it?
Makna
A structure that reports speech, thought, belief, command, or question directly or indirectly.
Cara mengenalinya
Ask whose words or thoughts are being represented.
Contoh
said|told|asked|thought|quoted
he said that|she asked if|according to him
She said that she was tired.
Visual guide
SPEAKER / THINKER
She said [that she was tired].
[reported thought]
Ask: whose words?
→ She represents them.
Direct quote: She said, "I am tired." Indirect report: She said [that she was tired]. Check shifts: I→she, am→was.
Tinjauan bahasa
Dalam bahasa ibu Anda
Reported speech uses verbs like berkata/mengatakan and optional bahwa; tense is contextual.
Dia berkata bahwa dia lelah.
He/she said that he/she tired.
Dalam bahasa yang dipelajari
English distinguishes direct and reported speech with reporting verbs, tense backshift, pronouns, and punctuation.
She said that she was tired.
reported clause = reported speech
Learners often struggle with tense shift, quote punctuation, and pronoun/time changes.
Same block, different coding
Both languages use this block strongly, but they signal it differently. Focus on form changes, not only meaning.