Evidence / Source Signal
How does the speaker know?
Makna
A signal that marks whether information is seen, heard, inferred, assumed, reported, remembered, or generally known.
Cara mengenalinya
Ask whether the sentence shows the source of knowledge.
Contoh
apparently|I heard|it seems|they say
I heard that|apparently true|it looks like
Apparently, the train is late.
Visual guide
claim: the train is late
^
evidence layer:
how does speaker know?
I heard / it seems / apparently
Apparently, the train is late.
Evidence choices: seen -> direct I heard -> heard they say -> reported it seems -> inferred apparently -> indirect
Tinjauan bahasa
Dalam bahasa Anda
Indonesian has lexical reportative and inferential expressions but no obligatory evidential system.
Katanya dia sudah pindah.
It is said he/she already moved.
Dalam bahasa yang dipelajari
Japanese has useful hearsay and inference markers, though not a mandatory evidential system.
電車が遅れているそうです。
I hear that the train is late.
Learners may confuse そうだ for hearsay with そうだ for appearance.
New in your learning language
This block is more central in your learning language. Give it extra focus in examples and practice.