Participants, events and states
Roles of participants
Doer or cause
Who or what starts the event?
agent
subject
passive
ਅਰਥ
The participant that acts, causes, initiates, controls, or is presented as the source of an event.
ਇਸ ਨੂੰ ਕਿਵੇਂ ਪਛਾਣਣਾ ਹੈ
Ask who is doing, causing, or starting the event.
Visual guide
ACTOR / SOURCE who starts the event? [the dog] -> bit -> postman [the wind] -> opens [the teacher] -> explains = doer/causer/source
ਤੁਹਾਡੀ ਮੂਲ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿੱਚ
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ)
Actors usually come before the object; perfective transitive clauses often mark the actor with ਨੇ.
ਰਾਮ ਨੇ ਕਿਤਾਬ ਪੜ੍ਹੀ।