calculus
gb/kˈælkjələs/ us/kˈælkjələs/
B2
英语
~ 9000
analízis, differenciál- és integrálszámítás, kalkuláció, mérlegelés, számítás, fogkő, kő, konkrementum, kalkulus, formális kalkulus
名词
B2
TECHNICAL
1
用法模式：
to study/take [calculus] at [school/level]
All engineering students are required to take at least one semester of calculus.
Minden mérnökhallgatónak kötelező legalább egy félév analízist elvégeznie.
In calculus you learn how to find the derivative of a function.
Analízisből megtanulod, hogyan kell meghatározni egy függvény deriváltját.
She struggled with calculus in high school but did much better in college.
The textbook provides a gentle introduction to calculus for science majors.
We covered basic calculus concepts like limits and continuity in the first few weeks.
学习者例句
I have a calculus test tomorrow.
Holnap analízisből dolgozatot írok.
He is taking calculus at university this year.
Idén analízist hallgat az egyetemen.
Calculus is harder for me than algebra.
We use graphs a lot in calculus class.
She wants to study more calculus to become an engineer.
常见错误：
Learners sometimes think "calculus" means any kind of calculation. In modern English it usually refers specifically to the branch of mathematics taught after algebra and geometry. Also, "calculus" is almost always uncountable in this sense (we say "I study calculus", not "I study a calculus").
含义
branch of math using derivatives
搭配
study calculus
|take calculus
|calculus class
|differential calculus
|integral calculus
|introductory calculus
近义词
mathematical analysis (More formal and technical; often used in course titles or higher-level math, while "calculus" is the usual general term.)
主题
education
|science
|mathematics
释义
A part of mathematics that looks at how things change and how small pieces add up, using ideas like limits, derivatives, and integrals.
A branch of mathematics that studies how quantities change and accumulate, especially using limits, derivatives, and integrals.
名词
C1
FORMAL
2
用法模式：
the [adjective] calculus of [something]
The political calculus changed after the latest public opinion polls were released.
A legutóbbi közvélemény-kutatások nyilvánosságra kerülése után megváltozott a politikai kalkuláció.
For many companies, the environmental risks are now part of their basic business calculus.
Sok vállalatnál a környezeti kockázatok ma már az alapvető üzleti kalkuláció részét képezik.
Parents often include safety in their calculus when choosing a school for their children.
His moral calculus led him to reject any plan that harmed civilians.
The government’s security calculus shifted after the recent cyberattacks.
学习者例句
The political calculus is different in an election year.
Választási évben más a politikai kalkuláció.
In her personal calculus, family comes before career.
Az ő személyes mérlegelésében a család előbbre való, mint a karrier.
Climate change is now part of the business calculus for many firms.
The cost-benefit calculus of the project is not clear.
Public opinion is an important part of a leader’s calculus.
常见错误：
Learners sometimes think this use is about numbers or math. In this sense, it is abstract and figurative: it means a careful way of thinking about different factors, not literal arithmetic.
含义
systematic weighing of factors
搭配
political calculus
|strategic calculus
|cost-benefit calculus
|economic calculus
|moral calculus
近义词
calculation (Very close in meaning here; "calculus" sounds more formal and suggests a more structured or complex kind of thinking.)
|
cost-benefit analysis (Focuses specifically on comparing costs and benefits, while "calculus" can include many kinds of factors, not just cost.)
反义词
impulse (An impulse is an unplanned, fast decision without careful weighing of factors, the opposite of a deliberate calculus.)
主题
politics
|business
|thinking
|work
释义
A careful way of thinking about and comparing different things, like risks and benefits, to make a decision.
A systematic way of weighing different factors, costs, and benefits in order to reach a decision or judgment.
名词
C2
TECHNICAL
3
fogkő
B1
用法模式：
to remove [dental calculus] from [teeth]
The hygienist used an ultrasonic scaler to remove the calculus from my lower front teeth.
A dentálhigiénikus ultrahangos fogkő-eltávolítóval távolította el a fogkövet az alsó elülső fogaimról.
Smoking can increase the amount of dental calculus that forms along the gumline.
A dohányzás növelheti az ínyvonal mentén képződő fogkő mennyiségét.
Regular professional cleanings are needed to remove hardened calculus that brushing cannot remove.
The X-ray showed significant subgingival calculus around the molars.
Plaque can harden into calculus if it is not removed within a few days.
学习者例句
The dentist said I have a lot of calculus on my teeth.
A fogorvos azt mondta, hogy sok fogkő van a fogaimon.
You need a cleaning to remove the hard calculus near your gums.
Fogtisztításra van szükséged, hogy eltávolítsák az ínyed közelében lévő kemény fogkövet.
Brushing helps prevent calculus, but it cannot remove it once it is hard.
Dental calculus can make your gums unhealthy.
The hygienist scraped off the calculus during my visit.
常见错误：
Learners may confuse this meaning with the mathematical sense. In health or dental contexts, "calculus" nearly always means the hard material on teeth. Also, "calculus" is usually used with another noun, such as "dental calculus" or simply "calculus" when the context is clearly dental.
含义
hard deposit on teeth (tartar)
搭配
dental calculus
|heavy calculus
|calculus buildup
|remove calculus
|supragingival calculus
近义词
tartar (The common everyday term; "calculus" is more technical and used mainly by dental professionals.)
主题
health
|medicine
|daily life
|body
释义
A hard yellow or brown layer that builds up on teeth when plaque is not cleaned away.
A hard, often yellow or brown mineral deposit that forms on teeth from long-standing dental plaque.
名词
C2
TECHNICAL
4
kő
B1
konkrementum
C2
用法模式：
a [location] calculus in [organ]
The scan revealed a small renal calculus obstructing the left ureter.
A képalkotó vizsgálat egy kis vesekövet mutatott ki, amely elzárta a bal húgyvezetéket.
Patients with a urinary calculus often present with sudden, severe flank pain.
A húgyúti kővel jelentkező betegeknél gyakran hirtelen, erős oldaltáji fájdalom lép fel.
The surgeon removed a large bladder calculus during the procedure.
Dietary changes can reduce the risk of forming another kidney calculus.
The report noted multiple tiny calculi in both kidneys.
学习者例句
He went to the hospital because of a renal calculus, also called a kidney stone.
Vesekő, vagyis a vesében képződött kő miatt ment kórházba.
The doctor said the calculus in her kidney was very small.
Az orvos azt mondta, hogy a veséjében lévő kő nagyon kicsi.
A urinary calculus can cause strong pain when it moves.
They found one calculus in his bladder.
She has had several kidney calculi in the past.
常见错误：
Learners may not realize that in medical texts "calculus" and "stone" can refer to the same problem (for example, a kidney stone). The plural of this meaning is often "calculi" in medical writing, not "calculuses".
含义
stone-like mass inside the body
搭配
renal calculus
|urinary calculus
|kidney calculus
|bladder calculus
近义词
stone (The usual everyday term (as in "kidney stone"); "calculus" is the medical word used in reports and diagnoses.)
主题
health
|medicine
|body
释义
A small hard "stone" that can grow inside parts of the body, like the kidney or gallbladder.
A small, hard, stone-like mass that forms inside the body, especially in the kidneys, urinary tract, or gallbladder.
名词
C2
TECHNICAL
5
kalkulus
C1
用法模式：
[adjective] calculus (of/for) [logic/system]
In this course we will study the propositional calculus and its proof systems.
Ezen a kurzuson az ítéletkalkulust és annak bizonyítási rendszereit fogjuk tanulmányozni.
Predicate calculus extends propositional logic by allowing quantifiers and variables.
A predikátumkalkulus kvantorok és változók használatával terjeszti ki az ítéletlogikát.
Lambda calculus provides a foundation for understanding functional programming languages.
Temporal calculus can be used to reason about events over time.
The completeness of the calculus was established in the early twentieth century.
学习者例句
We learned the basics of propositional calculus in our logic class.
Logikaórán megtanultuk az ítéletkalkulus alapjait.
Predicate calculus is harder than propositional calculus.
A predikátumkalkulus nehezebb, mint az ítéletkalkulus.
Lambda calculus is important in computer science theory.
This book explains a simple calculus for reasoning about programs.
The calculus has clear rules for each step of the proof.
常见错误：
Learners may assume this is the same as school mathematics "calculus". In logic and theoretical computer science, "calculus" usually means a specific formal system of rules and symbols, such as the propositional calculus.
含义
formal symbolic system in logic
搭配
propositional calculus
|predicate calculus
|lambda calculus
|temporal calculus
近义词
formal system (Broader term; a "calculus" is one kind of formal system focused on step-by-step symbol manipulation.)
主题
science
|mathematics
|logic
|education
释义
A formal set of symbols and rules used in logic or advanced math to show and change statements.
A formal system of symbols and rules used to represent and manipulate logical or mathematical expressions.
语法
词典原形
calculus
IPA
GB/kˈælkjələs/
US/kˈælkjələs/
音节与重音
cal - cu - lus （3 个音节）
Stress on 1st syllable (cal)
词形变化
Noun
- Base: calculus
- Plural: calculi, calculuses
词族
Forms
calculi
noun
calculuses
noun
Core family
Related words
calculable
adjective
recalculate
verb
recalculation
noun
Negative and opposite forms
miscalculate
verb
miscalculation
noun
incalculable
adjective
相关表达
calculus class
1/kˈælkjələs klˈæs/
fixed phrase
course where calculus is taught
A school or university course where students learn calculus.
例句
- My calculus class meets three times a week.
- The professor for our calculus class explains concepts very clearly.
- I’m thinking of dropping my calculus class because it’s too difficult.
cost-benefit calculus
1/kˈɔst bˈɛnəfɪt kˈælkjələs/
fixed phrase
formal
comparison of costs and benefits
A careful way of thinking where you compare what something will cost with what you will gain from it before deciding.
例句
- For many companies, the cost-benefit calculus now favors investing in renewable energy.
- The pandemic changed the cost-benefit calculus of working from home.
- Stricter regulations altered the cost-benefit calculus for small businesses.
dental calculus
1/dˈɛntəl kˈælkjələs/
fixed phrase
technical
hard mineral buildup on teeth
The hard yellow or brown material that forms on teeth when plaque is not cleaned for a long time.
例句
- The dentist noted heavy dental calculus on the lower incisors.
- Regular cleanings help prevent the buildup of dental calculus.
- Smoking is associated with increased dental calculus formation.
differential calculus
1/dˌɪfɚˈɛnʃəl kˈælkjələs/
fixed phrase
technical
part of calculus about derivatives
The part of calculus that looks at derivatives and how things change at each point.
例句
- Differential calculus focuses on derivatives and rates of change.
- We covered limits before moving on to differential calculus.
- Many physics problems rely heavily on differential calculus.
do calculus
1/dˈu kˈælkjələs/
fixed phrase
work on calculus problems
To study and solve problems from calculus, often as homework or during a class.
例句
- I usually do calculus for an hour after dinner.
- She was up late doing calculus before the exam.
- We spent the whole afternoon in the library doing calculus together.
integral calculus
1/ɪntˈɛɡɹəl kˈælkjələs/
fixed phrase
technical
part of calculus about integrals
The part of calculus that looks at integrals and how small parts add up to a whole.
例句
- In integral calculus we learn how to find areas under curves.
- The second half of the course is devoted to integral calculus.
- Integral calculus is essential for understanding probability distributions.
multivariable calculus
1/mˈʌltɪvˈɑɹiəbəl kˈælkjələs/
fixed phrase
technical
calculus with many variables
Calculus that works with functions of two or more variables, not just one.
例句
- Engineering students usually take multivariable calculus in their second year.
- Multivariable calculus introduces concepts like gradients and multiple integrals.
- She found multivariable calculus more challenging than single-variable calculus.
political calculus
1/pəlˈɪtɪkəl kˈælkjələs/
fixed phrase
formal
method of weighing political costs
The way politicians carefully think about and compare the risks and benefits before they decide what to do.
例句
- The latest protests have changed the political calculus in the capital.
- Public anger made the political calculus of raising taxes much more difficult.
- International pressure altered the government’s political calculus on the issue.
renal calculus
1/ɹˈinəl kˈælkjələs/
fixed phrase
technical
stone that forms in a kidney
A medical term for a kidney stone, a small hard object that forms inside the kidney.
例句
- The CT scan confirmed a 5 mm renal calculus in the right kidney.
- Patients with a renal calculus often experience severe flank pain.
- The report described a single renal calculus with no signs of infection.
take calculus
1/tˈeɪk kˈælkjələs/
fixed phrase
be enrolled in a calculus class
To be in a school or university course where you learn calculus.
例句
- All science majors have to take calculus in their first year.
- She plans to take calculus next semester to prepare for engineering.
- I took calculus in high school but remember very little now.