F03
booster
Information structure
Scope
Scope Lamp
What does this marker apply to?
intermediate
Scope
Operator
Focus-sensitive particle
معنا
The range affected by a word or marker such as not, only, also, all, every, already, still, almost, or even.
چطور آن را تشخیص دهید
Move the marker mentally and observe what meaning changes.
نمونهها
واژهها
only|also|not|all|every|almost|still
عبارتها
only Anna|not all|almost finished
جمله
Only John saw Mary.
Visual guide
Basic shape
Scope = lit area
Only [John] saw Mary
^^^^
only applies here
Meaning:
John, not others,
saw Mary.
Compare shape
Move the lamp: Only [John] saw Mary = subject in scope John only [saw Mary] = whole event in scope John saw only [Mary] = object in scope
نمای زبان
در زبان مادری شما
فارسی
میزان حضور
strong
اهمیت
Scope is important with فقط, هم, حتی, negation and quantifiers.
فقط علی آمد.
only Ali came.
در زبانی که یاد میگیرید
انگلیسی
میزان حضور
strong
دشواری
English scope depends strongly on placement and interpretation of words like only, even, also, all, not, and almost.
Only John saw Mary.
only scopes over John
چالش رایج زبانآموزان
Learners may place only, also, and not in positions that change or obscure meaning.
Good transfer potential
This block behaves relatively similarly, so you can transfer intuition more safely between the two languages.